Table 1.
Characteristics of 3652 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and their 36 502 control subjects
| Cases (n = 3652) | Controls (n = 36 502) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean, years (SD) | ||
| <60 | 707 (19.4) | 7 070 (19.4) |
| ≥60 | 2945 (80.6) | 29 432 (80.6) |
| Male | 1869 (51.2) | 18 672 (51.2) |
| Current drug use (ATC code) | ||
| Statins | 159 (4.4) | 1 702 (4.6) |
| Low-dose aspirin (B01AC06) | 621 (17.0) | 3 039 (8.3) |
| Anticoagulants (B01AA) | 164 (4.5) | 761 (2.1) |
| Drug acting on the renin system (C09) | 678 (18.6) | 4 531 (12.4) |
| NSAIDs (M01A) | 1213 (33.2) | 3 887 (10.6) |
| Systemic corticosteroids (H02AB) | 352 (9.6) | 1 447 (4.0) |
| SSRIs (N06AB) | 406 (11.1) | 1 908 (5.2) |
| PPIs (A02B) | 776 (21.2) | 2 730 (7.5) |
| Spironolactone (C03DA01) | 204 (5.6) | 550 (1.5) |
| History of | ||
| Upper GI bleeding | 91 (2.5) | 214 (0.6) |
| Peptic ulcer | 372 (10.2) | 1 304 (3.6) |
| Helicobacter pylori eradication | 180 (4.9) | 519 (1.4) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 599 (16.4) | 3 430 (9.4) |
| Heart failure | 384 (10.5) | 1 885 (5.2) |
| Hypertension | 489 (13.4) | 2 384 (6.5) |
| Stroke | 315 (8.6) | 1 562 (4.3) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 246 (6.7) | 1 170 (3.2) |
| COLD | 265 (7.3) | 1 213 (3.3) |
| Renal failure | 80 (2.2) | 157 (0.4) |
| Hepatic cirrhosis | 54 (1.5) | 84 (0.2) |
| Alcohol-related diagnosis or drug use | 242 (6.6) | 475 (1.3) |
Unless otherwise indicated, data are shown as numbers (%). NA, not applicable; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; GI, gastrointestinal; COLD, chronic obstructive lung disease; ASA, acetyl salicylic acid; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.