Table 2.
Association between exposure to statins or and upper gastrointestinal bleeding
| Exposure | Cases exposed/ unexposed | Controls* exposed/ unexposed | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)** |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statins, current use | 159/3433 | 1 702/34 372 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) |
| Statins, recent use | 25/3433 | 180/34 372 | 1.38 (0.90, 2.10) | 1.40 (0.89, 2.20) |
| Statins, past use | 35/3433 | 248/34 372 | 1.42 (0.99, 2.02) | 1.42 (0.96, 2.10) |
| Dose–response (current use, PDD) | ||||
| Low dose (<1 DDD day−1) | 32/3433 | 322/34 372 | 0.99 (0.69, 1.43) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) |
| Medium dose (1–1.5 DDD day−1) | 70/3433 | 780/34 372 | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) |
| High dose (≥1.5 DDD day−1) | 57/3433 | 600/34 372 | 0.95 (0.72, 1.25) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) |
| Cumulative dose of ever users of statins | ||||
| Low dose (<500 DDD) | 32/3433 | 417/34 372 | 0.78 (0.54, 1.12) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.20) |
| Medium dose (500–1000 DDD) | 54/3433 | 617/34 372 | 0.88 (0.66, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.19) |
| High dose (>1000 DDD) | 73/3433 | 667/34 372 | 1.10 (0.86, 1.40) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.39) |
| Statin substance | ||||
| Simvastatin (C10AA01) | 111/3433 | 1 147/34 372 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.23) |
| Pravastatin (C10AA03) | 18/3433 | 186/34 372 | 0.99 (0.61, 1.61) | 0.89 (0.53, 1.50) |
| Atorvastatin (C10AA05) | 23/3433 | 243/34 372 | 0.97 (0.63, 1.49) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.54) |
Matched for age, sex and index date.
Adjusted for age, sex, a previous discharge diagnosis of UGB, Helicobacter pylori eradication, COLD, peptic ulcer, ischaemic heart disease, liver cirrhosis, alcohol-related diagnoses, renal failure, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, stroke and for current use of low-dose ASA, oral anticoagulants, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, anti-acid drugs (PPIs and H2RAs), SSRIs, NSAIDs, nitrate vasodilators, systemic corticosteroids. UGB, upper gastrointestinal bleeding; PDD, prescribed daily dose; DDD, defined daily dose; CI, 95% confidence interval; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonists; COLD, chronic obstructive lung disease; ASA, acetyl salicylic acid; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.