Table 3.
Stratum-specific odds ratios for the association between current use of statins and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGB)
| Stratum | Cases exposed/ unexposed | Controls exposed/ unexposed | Crude odds ratio (CI) | Adjusted odds ratios (CI)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | 89/1751 | 895/17 575 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 1.04 (0.82, 1.32) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <60 | 34/664 | 325/6 665 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.49) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.71) |
| ≥60 | 125/2769 | 1 377/27 707 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) |
| Current drug use: | ||||
| Low-dose ASA users | 21/587 | 126/2 877 | 0.62 (0.30, 1.28) | 0.43 (0.18, 1.05) |
| Low-dose ASA non-users | 138/2846 | 1 576/31 495 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) |
| NSAID users | 46/1141 | 186/3 655 | 0.83 (0.51, 1.33) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.35) |
| NSAID non-users | 113/2292 | 1 516/30 717 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.19) |
| History of: | ||||
| Peptic ulcer | 11/354 | 64/1 226 | 0.93 (0.28, 3.09) | 0.52 (0.05, 5.55) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 28/555 | 138/3 259 | 1.91 (0.96, 3.81) | 1.68 (0.72, 3.92) |
| Heart failure (+) | 22/356 | 84/1 782 | 1.65 (0.64, 4.27) | 2.09 (0.59, 7.45) |
| Heart failure (−) | 137/3077 | 1 618/32 590 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) |
| Hypertension | 20/460 | 103/2 260 | 0.93 (0.42, 2.02) | 0.59 (0.22, 1.57) |
| Stroke | 17/290 | 63/1 483 | 1.86 (0.52, 6.70) | 3.43 (0.43, 27.54) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6/231 | 56/1 102 | 0.50 (0.05, 5.51) | 7.11 (0.18, 280.96) |
| COLD | 20/243 | 69/1 131 | 2.16 (0.70, 6.64) | 1.09 (0.14, 8.30) |
| No history of alcohol-related diagnosis or drug use | 150/3203 | 1 679/33 925 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.11) |
Adjusted for age, sex, a previous discharge diagnosis of UGB, Helicobacter pylori eradication, COLD, peptic ulcer, ischaemic heart disease, liver cirrhosis, alcohol-related diagnoses, renal failure, diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, stroke and for current use of low-dose ASA, oral anticoagulants, clopidogrel, dipyridamole, anti-acid drugs (PPIs and H2RAs), SSRIs, NSAIDs, nitrate vasodilators and systemic corticosteroids. CI, 95% confidence interval; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; H2RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonists; COLD, chronic obstructive lung disease; ASA, acetyl salicylic acid; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors NSAIDs; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.