Table 18.

Summary of evidence grading for all interventions prior to and during pregnancy to prevent stillbirth and perinatal mortality reviewed in this paper

	Evidence of no or negative impact (leave out of programs)	Uncertain evidence (need for additional research before including in programs)	Some evidence (may include in programs, but further evaluation is warranted)	Clear evidence (merits inclusion in programs)
Calcium supplementation for pregnancy-induced hypertension		X1
Anti-hypertensives		X
Anti-platelet agents		X
Anti-oxidants	X
Heparin				X (for certain conditions)
Management of intrahepatic cholestasis			X
Plasma exchange		X
Cervical cerclage		X
Anti-helminthics			X
Syphilis screening and treatment			X
Antibiotics for BV, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and GBS		X
Antibiotics for PROM/PPROM		X
Anti-malarials			X2
ITNs				X
PMTCT for HIV	X2
Periodontal care		X

¹Possibly effective in some low-resource settings

²Maternal and infant benefit