Table 2.
Agents, including DBPs, in indoor pools and measurement methods for air and water and additional chemicals and biologics (and analytical methods) for which data are needed to fully understand the pool environment.
| Chemical | Analytical method(s) |
|---|---|
| Primary agents
| |
| Trichloramine (NCl3) | Héry et al. (1995) method (nonspecific) |
| Dichloramine (NHCl2) | DPD (nonspecific) |
| Monochloramine (NH2Cl) | MIMS |
| Small portable mass spectrometer | |
| Free available chlorine (HOCl) | DPD |
| Chlorine gas (Cl2)a | OSHA ID-101b |
| NIOSH 6011c | |
| Cyanogen chloride (CNCl) | GC-ECD GC/MS |
| Dichloromethylamine (CH3NCl2) | MIMS |
| Dichloroacetonitrile | |
| Dichlorooxide (Cl2O) | High-resolution UV spectroscopy |
|
Additional agents | |
| Volatile organic halogen (VOX) | P&T GC-ECD or GC-MS |
| Bromate (BrO3−)d | IC conductivity |
| Chlorate (ClO3−)d | IC-MS |
| Chlorite (ClO2−)d | |
| Cyanuric acidd | GC-ECD, GC/MS |
|
Biologics | |
| Bacteria (e.g., environmental mycobacteria, legionellae, pseudomonads, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) | PCR |
| Fungi (e.g., Aspergillus niger, Candida spp., Trichophyton spp.) | In vitro culture |
| Viruses (e.g., rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses) | Isolation and quantitation in cultured susceptible cells from mammalian hosts |
| Protozoa [free-living amoebae that a) can infect humans directly from water and b) may carry bacterial pathogens, e.g., legionellae] | In vitro culture |
| Endotoxins | Limulus amebocyte lysate test |
| Nasal mucous and nasal epithelium | Nasal swabs |
Abbreviations: DPD, N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine; ECD, electron capture detection; GC, gas chromatography; IC, ion chromatography; MIMS, membrane introduction mass spectrometry; MS, mass spectrometry; NIOSH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration; P&T, purge and trap; UV, ultraviolet.
a
Measurement techniques applicable only to air.
d
Likely to be present in water phase and not in air.