Figure 7.
Inactivated influenza vaccines bearing membrane-bound immunomodulators protect mice against lethal challenge. Balb/c mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with 0.375 μg of inactivated wild-type vaccine (n = 20) or CYT-IVACs bearing membrane-bound GM-CSF (n = 10), IL-2 (n = 19), or IL-4 (n = 20) vaccine preparations. Mice were then challenged with 100 LD50 of mouse-adapted A/PR/8/34 on day 35 post-vaccination. PBS served as negative vehicle control. Percent weight change (A) and survival (B) were monitored over time. (* p < 0.05 compared to PR/8/34 w.t., *** p < 0.001 compared to PR/8/34 w.t.)