TABLE 4.
Covariate-Adjusted Associations Between Characteristics of Adult Female Inmates in the North Carolina State Prison System and HIV Infection: January 2004–May 2006
| HIV Positive |
|||
| Total | % (No.) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age, y | |||
| ≥ 45 | 729 | 2.74 (20) | 1.78 (0.44, 7.15) |
| 35–44 | 2022 | 4.01 (81) | 2.55 (0.73, 8.86) |
| 25–34 | 2166 | 1.85 (40) | 1.97 (0.56, 6.97) |
| 18–24 (Ref) | 1041 | 1.44 (15) | 1.00 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Black | 2548 | 4.59 (117) | 3.57 (1.89, 6.73) |
| Other | 181 | 2.76 (5) | 2.38 (0.53, 10.74) |
| White (Ref) | 3229 | 1.05 (34) | 1.00 |
| Education | |||
| College | 780 | 2.18 (17) | … |
| High school diploma or GED | 2742 | 2.48 (68) | … |
| Less than high school | 2436 | 2.91 (71) | … |
| Employment | |||
| Unemployed | 3962 | 2.98 (118) | 1.50 (0.78, 2.87) |
| Employed (Ref) | 1994 | 1.91 (38) | 1.00 |
| Marital status | |||
| Not married/separated | 5057 | 2.71 (137) | 0.75 (0.37, 1.54) |
| Married (Ref) | 901 | 2.11 (19) | 1.00 |
| IQ test results | |||
| ≤ 80 | 813 | 4.67 (38) | 2.00 (0.86, 4.68) |
| 81–100 | 3276 | 2.72 (89) | 1.33 (0.64, 2.79) |
| ≥ 101 (Ref) | 1869 | 1.55 (29) | 1.00 |
| Previous time served, mo | |||
| ≥ 13 | 904 | 4.87 (44) | 1.01 (0.49, 2.09) |
| 7–12 | 670 | 3.88 (26) | 0.98 (0.44, 2.17) |
| ≤ 6 | 942 | 2.34 (22) | 0.61 (0.28, 1.36) |
| None (Ref) | 3442 | 1.9 (64) | 1.00 |
| Sentence length, mo | |||
| ≥ 19 | 803 | 3.11 (25) | … |
| 7–18 | 1277 | 2.51 (32) | … |
| 3–6 | 1758 | 2.45 (43) | … |
| < 3 | 1699 | 2.71 (46) | … |
| Heroin use ever | |||
| Yes | 366 | 3.55 (13) | 0.50 (0.11, 2.19) |
| No (Ref) | 5592 | 2.56 (143) | 1.00 |
| Cocaine or crack use ever | |||
| Yes | 3869 | 3.33 (129) | 1.21 (0.59, 2.50) |
| No (Ref) | 2089 | 1.29 (27) | 1.00 |
| Multiple sexual partners ever | |||
| Yes | 666 | 4.95 (33) | 2.16 (1.13, 4.14) |
| No (Ref) | 1788 | 1.90 (34) | 1.00 |
| Prostitution evera | |||
| Yes | 410 | 5.61 (23) | 0.93 (0.46, 1.86) |
| No (Ref) | 2044 | 2.15 (44) | 1.00 |
| Shared needles ever | |||
| Yes | 231 | 3.46 (8) | 1.04 (0.42, 2.54) |
| No (Ref) | 2223 | 2.65 (59) | 1.00 |
| Blood transfusion prior to 1986 | |||
| Yes | 71 | 8.45 (6) | 2.64 (1.02, 6.81) |
| No (Ref) | 2383 | 2.56 (61) | 1.00 |
| Sex with needle sharer ever | |||
| Yes | 397 | 4.03 (16) | 1.38 (0.63, 3.01) |
| No (Ref) | 2057 | 2.48 (51) | 1.00 |
| Sex with MSM ever | |||
| Yes | 79 | 10.13 (8) | 2.21 (0.85, 5.73) |
| No (Ref) | 2375 | 2.48 (59) | 1.00 |
| Sex-related conviction ever | |||
| Yes | 71 | 2.82 (2) | … |
| No | 5887 | 2.62 (154) | … |
| Drug-related conviction ever | |||
| Yes | 2488 | 3.58 (89) | 2.13 (1.21, 3.75) |
| No (Ref) | 3470 | 1.93 (67) | 1.00 |
| Mental health disorderb | |||
| Axis I | 379 | 3.69 (14) | 1.83 (0.72, 4.69) |
| Axis II | 272 | 1.10 (3) | 0.68 (0.09, 5.23) |
| Neither (Ref) | 5307 | 2.62 (139) | 1.00 |
| HCV | |||
| Positive | 557 | 18.31 (102) | … |
| Negative | 162 | 29.01 (47) | … |
| Syphilis | |||
| Positive | 352 | 4.26 (15) | 1.33 (0.55, 3.25) |
| Negative (Ref) | 5573 | 2.49 (139) | 1.00 |
| Tuberculosis | |||
| Positive | 57 | 5.26 (3) | … |
| Negative | 5901 | 2.59 (153) | … |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; GED = general equivalency diploma; MSM = men who have sex with men.
a
Using a sex worker or engaging in sex work.
b
Axis I: psychosis, bipolar disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety, and dementia. Axis II: personality disorder and developmental disability.