Table 1.

Descriptive statistics and study characteristics for studies testing the association between sexual orientation and adolescent substance use.

Study			Gender	Sexual orientation group	Total n	% LGB	Odds ratio	Cohen's d	No. of effects	Recruitment site	Sexual orientation definition	Comments
1		Austin 2004 [5]	C	L/G/B			4.06	0.77	4	Comm	Att	3
			M	G/B	3862	1.12	2.21	0.44	2
			F	L/B	5537	1.06	6.96	1.07	2
2		Botempo 2002 [8]	C	L/G/B			5.94	0.98	8	School	Beh, SI	1, 4
			M	G/B	4605	4.10	6.72	1.05	4
			F	L/B	4583	2.75	4.89	0.88	4
3		Caldwell 1998 [26]	C	L/G/B	2641	4.20	1.50	0.22	1	School	Att
4		Ciro 2005 [9]	C	L/G/B			4.70	0.85	11	High risk	SI
			C	L/G	661	1.97	2.39	0.48	4
			C	B	673	3.71	7.86	1.14	4
			F	L/G/B	431	7.42	4.86	0.87	3
5		Cochran 2002 [10]	C	L/G/B	168	50.00	1.44	0.20	12	High risk	Att, SI	2
6		Faulkner 1998 [24]	C	L/G/B	1668	6.29	8.28	1.17	7	School	Beh	1
7		Garafalo 1998 [25]	C	L/G/B	4159	2.50	4.96	0.88	11	School	SI	1
8		Kang 1994 [11]	M	G/B	427	5.00	1.87	0.35	1	High risk	SI
9		Lampinen 2006 [14]	C	L/G/B	590	2.54	3.65	0.71	12	School	SI
10		Moon 2000 [6]	C	L/G/B			7.96	1.15	2	High risk	SI
			M	G/B	124	26.61	2.46	0.50	1
			F	L/B	217	16.13	26.47	1.81	1
11		Noell 2001 [7]	C	L/G/B			1.29	0.14	16	High Rrsk	Att, Beh, SI	5
			M	G/B	316	13.92	2.40	−0.16	8
			F	L/B	216	44.91	0.75	0.48	8
12		Reis 1999 [27]	C	L/G/B	7477	4.43	1.91	0.36	1	School	Att, SI
13a		Robin 2002 [16], MA	C	L/G/B			1.63	0.27	6	School	Beh, SI	1
			C	L/G	4054	2.61	1.00	0.00	3
			C	B	4070	3.00	2.35	0.47	3
13b		Robin 2002 [16], VT	C	L/G/B			1.80	0.36	6	School	Beh	1
			C	L/G	7209	4.66	1.24	0.12	3
			C	B	7122	3.50	2.59	0.53	3
14		Rostosky 2003 [28]	C	L/G/B	1725	5.74	1.41	0.19	2	School	Att	3
15		Saewyc 2006 [29]	C	L/G/B			9.32	1.23	4	School	SI	3
			M	G	125 895*	0.70	2.25	0.45	1
			M	B	126 245*	0.98	6.64	1.04	1
			F	L	116 137*	0.40	12.83	1.41	1
			F	B	119 994*	3.60	12.31	1.38	1
16		Smith 1999 [12]	C	L/G/B			2.54	0.52	6	School	Att
			M	G/B	1499	5.34	2.45	0.49	3
			F	L/B	1888	6.94	2.63	0.53	3
17		Udry 2002 [13]	C	L/G/B			1.50	0.22	12	School	Beh
			M	G	6008	0.95	0.79	−0.13	3
			M	B	6038	1.44	2.43	0.49	3
			F	L	6291	1.59	0.83	−0.10	3
			F	B	6314	1.95	2.36	0.47	3
18		Whitbeck 2004 [30]	C	L/G/B			1.59	0.25	4	High risk	SI	6
			M	G/B	187	10.16	0.68	−0.21	2
			F	L/B	241	18.26	2.34	0.47	2
Total average effect sizes
	All studies							2.89	0.59
	Females							5.02	0.89
	Males							3.29	0.66
	Bisexual							4.42	0.82
	Gay/lesbian							1.10	0.06

Study: First author and year of publication. MA = Massachusetts. VT = Vermont. Gender: M = male; F = female; C = combined (male and female); sexual orientation group: L = lesbian, G = gay (males), B = bisexual.

^*Total n: weighted sample sizes and effect size data provided by author (personal communication, 3 August 2006). Odds ratio/Cohen's d: weighted estimates of mean effect size across (non-independent) outcomes within each study. Sexual orientation definition: Att = attraction, Beh = behavior, SL = self-labeled. Sampling method: Comm = community. Sexual orientation definition: Att = attraction, Beh = behavior, SI = self-identification. Comments: 1 = Vermont and/or Massachusetts YRBS sample. 2 = Matched comparison group design. 3 = Controlled for group differences in covariates. 4 = Tested mediation and/or moderation. 5 = Longitudinal/prospective design. 6 = Measured substance use disorder outcome variables.