Model of the V. harveyi Quorum-Sensing Circuit. V. harveyi produces and detects three AIs and through modulation of the levels of the master transcriptional regulator, LuxR, controls downstream QS-target genes. The three AIs are: CAI-1 (circles) which binds to CqsS, HAI-1 (pentagons) which binds to LuxN and AI-2 (double pentagons) which binds to LuxPQ. At LCD, when LuxO is phosphorylated (LuxO˜P), it activates transcription of the genes encoding the five Qrr sRNAs which work in conjuction with Hfq to destabilize the mRNA of luxR. At HCD, when LuxO is not phosphorylated, qrr transcription ceases, luxR mRNA is stabilized and LuxR protein is produced. In a feedback loop, LuxR activates expression of qrr2, qrr3 and qrr4, which affects the timing of the QS transitions. OM, outer membrane; IM, inner membrane.