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. 2008 May 28;28(22):5827–5835. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1236-08.2008

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Zinc-induced microglial activation requires PARP-1 and NADPH oxidase. A, Panels show phase-contrast images of microglial morphology (top row), immunofluorescence for poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) (middle row), and merged images (bottom row). Wild-type microglia exhibit both morphological activation and nuclear PAR accumulation in response to 90 min incubation with 30 μm ZnCl2. Both of these responses are absent in PARP-1−/− microglia and in wild-type microglia coincubated with the PARP-1 inhibitor, PJ-34 (400 nm). Incubation with 5 μm BAY 11-70820, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, blocks morphological activation but not PAR formation. Scale bar, 10 μm. B, C, Quantitative assessment of microglial activation and PAR formation in cultures treated as in A. D, Zinc-induced microglial activation and PAR accumulation are also absent in p47phox−/− microglia and in wild-type microglia coincubated with 500 μm of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin. E, F, Quantitative assessment of microglial activation and PAR formation in cultures treated as in D. n = 3–5; *p < 0.01 versus ZnCl2 alone; †p < 0.01 versus wild-type control. Error bars indicate SEM.