Table 1.
Potential Translational Targets for Inflammation-Induced Depression
| Immune System |
| Cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6) |
| Cytokine signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB and MAPK) |
| Inflammatory mediators (e.g., COX-2, PG) |
| RNS/ROS (e.g., NO, H202) |
| Immune cells in the brain (e.g., microglia) |
| Central Nervous System |
| Monoamines (e.g., 5-HT, NE, DA) |
| IDO and its metabolites (e.g., KYN, QUIN, KA) |
| Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors |
| Excitotoxic neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) |
| Neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF) |
| Neuroendocrine System |
| HPA axis hormones (e.g., CRH, cortisol) and receptors (e.g., GR) |
| Autonomic Nervous System and Stress |
| Catecholamines and receptors (e.g., alpha and beta adrenergic receptors) |
| Parasympathetic outflow pathways (e.g., vagal nerve, alpha 7 nAChR) |
| Stress (e.g., interpersonal conflict, early adversity) |
5-H, serotonin; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; COX-2, cyclooxy-genase-2; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; DA, dopamine; GR, glucocor-ticoid receptor; H202, hydrogen peroxide; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; IDO, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; IL, interleukin; KA, kynurenic acid; KYN, kynurenine; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; nAChR, nicotinic ace-tylcholine receptor; NE, norepinephrine; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; NO, nitric oxide; PG, prostaglandin; RNS, reactive nitrogen species; ROS, reactive oxygen species; QUIN, quinolinic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.