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. 2009 May 26;3(5):e441. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000441

Figure 5. Leishmania-dependent increase in virus production seen in cocultured cells is due to a soluble factor(s).

Figure 5

(A) First, iDCs were pulsed for 60 min with NL4-3Balenv and either left unexposed or exposed to Leishmania infantum amastigotes (Li). Next, iDCs were cocultured with autologous CD4+ T cells for 3 days either in contact (cell-to-cell contact) or in transwell conditions (no contact). Virus production was estimated by measuring p24 levels in the culture supernatants at 4 days following initiation of the coculture. (B) iDCs were either left unexposed (control) or exposed to Leishmania infantum amastigotes (Li) for 24 h. Next, cell-free supernatants were collected and either left untreated or subjected to a heat treatment. Finally, autologous activated CD4+ T cells were infected NL4-3Balenv and incubated for 3 days with untreated or heat-inactivated cell-free supernatants from iDCs. Virus production was determined by measuring p24 levels in the culture supernatants. Data shown represent the means±SEM of triplicate samples and are representative of five independent experiments. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences from the cells infected with HIV-1 only (**, P<0.01).