Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics and end of study clinical events in 205 type 2 diabetic patients with renal insufficiency randomly assigned to receive either structured or usual care for 2 years
| Structured care | Usual care | |
|---|---|---|
| At baseline | ||
| n | 104 | 101 |
| Age (years) | 64.6 ± 7.5 | 65.4 ± 6.9 |
| Male sex (%) | 66 | 67 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.4 ± 7.9 | 13.8 ± 7.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 3.8 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 145 ± 23.7 | 144 ± 26.7 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 11.7 | 74 ± 10 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.1 ± 9.2 | 89.3 ± 9.0 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.06 |
| Coexisting diseases (%) | ||
| Hypertension | 96 | 96 |
| Coronary heart disease* | 19 | 12 |
| Congestive heart failure | 8 | 7 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1 | 3 |
| Revascularization | 2 | 3 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1 | 1 |
| History of cerebrovascular accident | 14 | 16 |
| Retinopathy | 50 | 38 |
| Sensory neuropathy | 20 | 34 |
| Medications (%) | ||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 77 | 56 |
| Aspirin | 37 | 30 |
| Statin | 48 | 42 |
| Fibrate | 9 | 8 |
| Insulin | 61 | 58 |
| No. of blood pressure–lowering drugs | 2.9 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.1 |
| At 2 years | ||
| No. of patients with composite renal end point | 24 | 24 |
| ESRD (Cr >500 μmol/l) | 16 | 15 |
| Dialysis | 10 | 8 |
| Death | 8 | 11 |
| No. of patients with composite cardiovascular end point | 21 | 19 |
| Hospitalization for heart failure | 13 | 15 |
| Hospitalization for angina | 1 | 0 |
| Hospitalization for arrhythmia | 5 | 1 |
| Myocardial infarction | 4 | 4 |
| Revascularization (PTCA/CABG) | 1 | 1 |
| Other revascularization | 1 | 0 |
| CVA or transient ischemic attack | 2 | 3 |
| Lower-limb amputation | 1 | 0 |
| Emergency room visits (n) | 1 (0–8) | 1 (0–18) |
| Hospitalizations (n) | 1 (0–15) | 1 (0–13) |
| Days of hospitalization | 2 (0–93) | 2 (0–116) |
Data are means ± SD, n, %, or median (range). P values comparing SC and UC: all NS.
*Coronary heart disease includes symptoms of angina or an abnormal electrocardiogram with confirmed stress test and/or coronary angiogram. CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; Cr, serum creatinine; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.