Table 3.

Summary of studies examining rule shifting in PD

Source	Task	Patient sample	Result
Beatty & Monson, 1990	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	27 PD Stages 1–4; M=2.6	PD = NC (d=.34)
Beatty, 1989	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	43 PD; Stages 1–4	PD = NC (d =.56)
Beatty, Staton, Weir & Monson, 1989	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	25 PD; Stages 2–3	PD = NC (d =.43)
Bowen, Kamienny, Burns & Yahr, 1975	WCST (Berg, 1948)	18 PDOFF 53 PDON	PDOFF = NC PDON = NC
Canavan et al., 1989	WCST (Nelson, 1976)	19 PD; M = 1.5	PD < NC
Channon, Jones, & Stephenson, 1993	Unidimensional classification learning	12 PD Stages 2–3, M = 2.75	PD < NC (d =.50)
Cools, van den Bercken, Horstink, van Spaendonck, & Berger, 1984	Block sorting task	18 PD Stages 1–4; M = 2.3	PD < NC
Cools, Barker, Sahakian & Robbins, 2001	ID/ED task (Downes et al., 1989	14 PDON; M = 1.75 15 PDOFF; M = 1.80	PDOFF = PDON < NC
Cooper, Sagar, Jordan, Harvey, & Sullivan, 1991	WCST (Milner, 1963)	60 PD; newly diagnosed; unmedicated	PD = NC (d =.43)
Cooper, Sagar, Jordan, Harvey, Sullivan, 1992	WCST(Heaton et al., 1981)	82 newly diagnosed PD; randomly assigned on or off meds	PD = NC in each case
Dalrymple-Alford, Kaldters, Jones, & Watson, 1994	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	8 PD	PD = NC (d = 0)
Downes et al., 1989	ED/ID task	16 PDOFF M = 1.1 6 PDON M = 2.4	PDOFF < NC PDON < NC
Fimm, Barti, Zimmerman & Wallesch, 1994.	modified ID/ED task	19 PDON Stages 2–3 M=2; 8 PDOFF Stages 1–3; M= 2.	PDON = NC; PDOFF < NC
Gauntlett-Gilbert, Roberts & Brown, 1999	modified ID/ED task	10 PD Stages 1–3; M=2.2	PD < NC
Gotham, Brown & Marsden, 1988	WCST (Nelson, 1976)	16 PD Compared ON and OFF	PDON < NC (d =.90) PDOFF < NC (d = 1.1)
Green, 2002	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	61 PDOFF; Stage 3–4	PDOFF < NC
Kulisevsky et al., 1996.	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	20 PD Compared ON and OFF	PDON = NC PDOFF = NC
Lange, Robbins, Marsden, Owen & Paul, 1992	ID/ED task (Downes et al., 1989)	10 PD Stages 3–5, M = 3.5; Compared ON and OFF	PDOFF = PDON < NC
Lees & Smith, 1983	WCST (Neslon, 1976)	12 PD	PD = NC
Lewis et al., 2005	Modified ID/ED task	20 PD; M = 1.9 Compared ON and OFF	PDOFF = PDON < NC
Monchi et al., 2004	WCST	8 PDOFF	PDOFF < NC
Owen et al., 1993	ID/ED task (Downes et al., 1989)	26 PDOFF (stages 1–3) 23 PDON (stages 1–4)	PDOFF < NC (d= 2.4) PDON = NC
Paolo, Troester, Axelrod & Kaller, 1995	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	181 PD Stage 1–4	PD < NC (d= 1.03)
Price, 2006	WCST (Hart et al., 1998	17 PD Stages 1–4, M = 2.3	PD = NC
Slabosz et al., 2006	Modified ID/ED task	20 PD Stage M = 1.9 Compared ON and OFF	PDOFF = PDON < NC
Starkstein et al., 1989	WCST (Heaton et al., 1993)	48 mild PD; 20 moderate PD 26 severe PD	severe < moderate < mild PD; mild PD = NC
Tomer, Aharon-Peretz, & Tsitrinbaum, 2007	ID/ED task of CANTAB (Robbins et al., 1998)	35 PD	PD < NC (d = 1.08)
van Spaendonck, Berger, Horstink, Brom, & Cools, 1995	WCST and 2 variants (follwing Nelson, 1976)	45 PD	PD = NC
Witt et al., 2006	WCST (version not given)	20 PD Stages 1–3	PD = NC
Zakzanis & Freedman	WCST (Heaton et al. et al., 1993)	Meta-analysis (N= 11)	mean(d) =.46 Range(d) = −.66 − +.92

Note. Stages refers to Hoehn & Yahr (1967) ratings of PD severity; M = mean level of PD severity; d = Cohen’s d measure of effect size