Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample by delivery mode
| Vaginal, n = 210, n (%) | Primary cesarean section, n = 43, n (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median age, yr (95% CI) | 26.2 (24.8–27.1) | 24.8 (22.8–28.1) | 0.579a |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.006 | ||
| Black non-Hispanic | 81 (86) | 13 (14) | |
| Caucasian non-Hispanic | 18 (62) | 11 (38) | |
| Hispanic | 111 (85) | 19 (15) | |
| Skin color | 0.734 | ||
| Black | 72 (83) | 15 (17) | |
| Brown | 79 (85) | 14 (15) | |
| White | 57 (80) | 14 (20) | |
| Season of birth | 0.648 | ||
| Spring | 53 (80) | 13 (20) | |
| Summer | 43 (83) | 9 (17) | |
| Fall | 47 (89) | 6 (11) | |
| Winter | 67 (82) | 15 (18) | |
| Infant gender | 0.255 | ||
| Male | 107 (80) | 26 (20) | |
| Female | 103 (86) | 17 (14) | |
| Maternal birthplace | 0.023 | ||
| United States | 141(87) | 21 (13) | |
| Not United States | 69 (76) | 22 (24) | |
| Median maternal BMI, kg/m2 | 25.0 | 24.0 | 0.634a |
| 95% CI | (24.0–26.1) | (23.1–25.8) | |
| Maternal BMI, kg/m2 | 0.281 | ||
| 17 to <25 | 101 (80) | 26 (20) | |
| 25 to <30 | 56 (86) | 9 (14) | |
| 30-<35 | 29 (91) | 3 (12) | |
| 35+ | 14 (74) | 5 (26) | |
| Education | 0.484 | ||
| Less than high school | 91 (82) | 20 (18) | |
| High school/GED | 67 (87) | 10 (13) | |
| More than high school | 51 (80) | 13 (20) | |
| Insurance status | 0.389 | ||
| Private | 20 (71) | 8 (29) | |
| Public | 167 (84) | 31 (16) | |
| Healthy Start | 15 (83) | 3 (17) | |
| Other | 7 (88) | 1 (13) | |
| WIC status | 0.236 | ||
| No | 33 (77) | 10 (23) | |
| Yes | 176 (84) | 33 (16) | |
| Marital status | 0.421 | ||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 147 (82) | 33 (18) | |
| Married | 61 (86) | 10 (14) | |
| Any prenatal vitamin use | |||
| First trimester | 0.499 | ||
| No | 48 (80) | 12 (20) | |
| Yes | 160 (84) | 31 (16) | |
| Second trimester | 0.978 | ||
| No | 24 (83) | 5 (17) | |
| Yes | 185 (83) | 38 (17) | |
| Third trimester | 0.978 | ||
| No | 24 (83) | 5 (17) | |
| Yes | 185 (83) | 38 (17) | |
| (Continued) |