FIG. 2.

TNF-α induction and LDH release caused by recombinant lactobacilli. (a) TNF-α released by RAW264.7 cells; (b) LDH release induced by recombinant L. casei; (c) TNF-α released by murine peritoneal macrophages. All three assays were performed using cell cultures incubated for 24 h. The concentrations of TNF-α in the culture supernatant or the OD₄₅₀ are described in the left margin. The concentrations of heat-killed bacteria added to the cell cultures are shown in the bottom margin (in μg/ml). Solid bars represent LCO cells, and open bars represent LCN cells. The data are presented as the means plus the standard deviations (SD) (n = 3). The results shown are representative of three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01.