FIG. 9.

Schematic of a link between glucose and insulin signaling in β-cells. (A) Potential direct effects of glucose and/or its metabolites on proteins in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. (B) Potential indirect effects of glucose and direct effects of insulin following exocytosis of insulin. Akt, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; FoxO-1, forkhead box O1; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; 4EBP1, translation initiation factor 4e binding protein 1.