Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants by heart failure incidence
| Incident heart failure | No heart failure | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 443 | 35,576 | |
| Age, ya | 73.4 (7.2) | 61.4 (9.1) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 a | 25.2 (4.3) | 25.0 (3.9) | |
| History of hypertension (%) | 189 (42.7) | 6,999 (19.7) | |
| History of high cholesterol (%) | 44 (9.9) | 2,799 (7.9) | |
| Family history of myocardial infarction at < 60 y (%) |
76 (17.2) | 4,816 (13.5) | |
| Physical activity (Met-hr/d)a | 41.0 (5.2) | 42.5 (4.8) | |
| Education (%) | |||
| Less than high school | 397 (89.6) | 26,096 (73.4) | |
| High school | 17 (3.8) | 2,853 (8.0) | |
| University | 29 (6.6) | 6,627 (18.6) | |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | |||
| Current | 94 (21.2) | 8,126 (22.8) | |
| Past | 69 (15.6) | 8,091 (22.7) | |
| Never | 280 (63.2) | 19,359 (54.4) | |
| Postmenopausal hormone use (%) | 182 (41.1) | 17,657 (49.6) | |
| Living alone (%) | 188 (42.4) | 8,207 (23.1) | |
| DASH diet scoresa | |||
| DASH component score | 23.9 (4.1) | 24.9 (4.1) | |
| Food and nutrient recommendations | 4.9 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.2) | |
| Food recommendations | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.4 (1.0) | |
| Nutrient recommendations | 7.1 (0.8) | 7.2 (0.8) | |
a
Mean (standard deviation)