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. 2009 Mar 26;58(6):1283–1291. doi: 10.2337/db08-1510

FIG. 1.

FIG. 1.

Cytokines upregulate PTPN2 expression in primary fluorescence-activated cell–sorted rat β-cells, human islets, and INS-1E cells. A: Rat β-cells were cultured for 2 days and subsequently left untreated or treated with the combination of IL-1β (10 units/ml) + IFN-γ (100 units/ml) for 24 h. B, D, and E: Hand-picked human islets were cultured overnight and then left untreated or exposed to IL-1β (50 units/ml) + IFN-γ (1,000 units/ml) for 48 h. C: INS-1E cells were left untreated or treated with IL-1β (10 units/ml) + IFN-γ (100 units/ml) for 2, 6, and 24 h as indicated. A– C: PTPN2 mRNA expression was assayed by RT-PCR and normalized for the housekeeping gene GAPDH. D: PTPN2 and α-tubulin expression in human islets were evaluated by Western blot. E: Mean optical density measurements of PTPN2 Western blots corrected for protein loading by α-tubulin (representative figure in D). Results are means ± SE of three to five independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 vs. untreated cells by Student's t test. NS, nonstimulated (untreated).