TABLE 3.

Effect of the macronutrient composition of the high-carbohydrate (H-CHO) and high-fat (H-F) diets on substrate and hormone concentrations during fasting and fed states¹

	Fasting		Fed
	H-CHO	H-F	H-CHO	H-F
Glucose (mmol/L)	4.7 ± 0.2	4.4 ± 0.22	5.9 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.22
Insulin (μU/mL)	4.2 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 0.72	23.1 ± 4.6	14.8 ± 3.82
C-peptide (ng/mL)	1.4 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.22	4.5 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.63
Lactate (mmol/L)	0.68 ± 0.1	0.64 ± 0.0	1.11 ± 0.0	0.77 ± 0.03
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	174 ± 10	183 ± 10	179 ± 9	170 ± 15
HDL (mg/dL)	67 ± 9	64 ± 8	71 ± 10	68 ± 8
LDL (mg/dL)	98 ± 10	109 ± 10	94 ± 11	100 ± 10
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	47 ± 7	50 ± 14	69 ± 16	90 ± 192
β-Hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L)	0.29 ± 0.11	0.80 ± 0.162	0.11 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.052
FFAs (mmol/L)	0.58 ± 0.12	0.79 ± 0.102	0.19 ± 0.03	0.62 ± 0.053

¹All values are means ± SEMs; n = 7. FFAs, free fatty acids.

^2,3Significantly different from H-CHO (paired t test): ²P < 0.05, ³P < 0.01.