TABLE 3.
Hazard ratios (HRs) for obesity (BMI in kg/m2 ≥ 30) according to frequency of nut consumption in 408,664 person-years
| Frequency of consumption |
|||||
| Never/almost never | 1–3 times/mo | 1 time/wk | ≥2 times/wk | P for trend1 | |
| Total nuts (peanuts + tree nuts) | |||||
| Cases | 3368 | 1470 | 990 | 96 | |
| Person-years | 196,085 | 122,010 | 76,752 | 13,817 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.75, 0.86) | 0.52 (0.43, 0.64) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (reference) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.02) | 0.003 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1 (reference) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.08) | 0.008 |
| Peanuts | |||||
| Cases | 3812 | 1728 | 334 | 50 | |
| Person-years | 237,416 | 140,334 | 25,379 | 5535 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.65 (0.49, 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (reference) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.80 (0.57, 1.11) | 0.094 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1 (reference) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.18) | 0.125 |
| Tree nuts | |||||
| Cases | 4341 | 1343 | 211 | 29 | |
| Person-years | 263,360 | 118,299 | 20,947 | 6058 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1 (reference) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.89) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.81) | 0.37 (0.26, 0.54) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)2 | 1 (reference) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.92) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.28) | 0.62 (0.39, 0.99) | 0.001 |
| Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)3 | 1 (reference) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | 0.012 |
P value from the models in which nut consumption was modeled as a continuous variable with the use of the median value of each quintile.
Multivariate model adjusted for age (continuous), baseline alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, ≥10 g/d), physical activity (quintiles metabolic equivalent score), smoking (never, past, current, missing), postmenopausal hormone use (no, current or past, missing), oral contraceptive use (no, current, missing), baseline BMI (continuous), glycemic load, and intakes of total fiber, trans fat, fruit, vegetables, red meat, processed meat, refined grain, whole grain, snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, diet beverages, low-fat dairy products, and high-fat dairy products (continuous) at baseline.
Multivariate model adjusted for multivariate model 2 + changes in the adherence of prudent and Western dietary patterns.