Phenotype, functionality, and frequency of SARS-specific CD8+ T cells in blood. Lymphocytes were stimulated with overlapping SARS peptides and stained as described in the Materials and Methods. A, The memory phenotype of SARS-specific CD8+ T cells in individuals with mild-to-moderate and in individuals with severe SARS, as defined by the expression of CD27 and CD45RO. B, Functionality of SARS-specific CD8+ T cells in individuals with moderate and in individuals with severe SARS. C, Frequency of SARS-specific CD8+ T cells. The response is shown as the percentage of memory CD8+ T cells that are SARS-specific. The frequency of the total SARS-specific responses producing one, two, three, four, or five functions was determined using SPICE as described in methods. p values represent the results of a Mann-Whitney U test.