Tab. 1.
Different approaches to visualize atherosclerosis by radionucleide imaging.
| Underlying plaque biology | Radionuclide tracer | Experimental setting | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inflammation | 99mTc-LDL | Human carotid/ ileofemoral artery | Lees at al. 1988 (80) |
| Lipoprotein accumulation | 123I-LDL | Human carotid artery | Virgolini et al. 1991 (45) |
| 125I-LDL | Rabbit aorta | Virgolini et al. 1991 (46) | |
| 99mTc-oxLDL | Human carotid artery | Iuliano et al. 1996 (49) | |
| 123I-MDA2 [Ab to oxLDL-epitope] | Rabbit arteries | Tsimikas et al. 1999 (81) | |
| 125I-IK17 [Ab to oxLDL-epitope] | Mouse aorta | Shaw et al. 2001 (82) | |
| 123I-SP4 [Apoliprotein B fragment] | Rabbit aorta | Hardoff et al. 1993 (83) | |
| 125I-SP4 | Rabbit aorta | Lu et al. 1996 (84) | |
| Chemotaxis | 125I-MCP-1 [chemotactic molecule] | Rabbit aorta | Ohtsuki et al. 2001 (9) |
| Angiogenesis | 125I-c(RGD(I)yV)) [peptide binding αvβ3] | Murine ischemic hindlimbs/ HUVECs | Lee at al. 2005 (85) |
| 99mTc-(NC100692) [peptide binding αvβ3] | Murine ischemic hindlimbs | Hua et al. 2005 (44) | |
| Monocyte recruitment/ activity | 111In-monocytes | Human arteries | Virgolini et al. 1990 (17) |
| 18F-FDG [metabolic activity] | Rabbit iliac artery | Ledermann et al. 2001 (86) | |
| 18F-FDG | Human carotid artery | Rudd et al. 2002 (18) | |
| 18F-FDG | Human arteries | Ben Haim et al. 2004 (87) | |
| 18F-FDG in comparison to 18F-FCH | Mouse aortae | Matter et al. 2007 (22) | |
| VHSPNKK-modified magnetofluorescent nanoparticel (VNP) [VCAM-1 expression] | Mouse carotid artery | Kelly et al. 2005 (29) | |
| Apoptosis | 99mTc-annexin V [Phosphatidylserine expression] | Rabbit aorta | Kolodgie et al. 2003 (63) |
| 99mTc-annexin V | Human carotid artery | Kietselaer et al. 2004 (88) | |
| 99mTc-annexin V | Swine coronary artery | Johnson et al. 2005 (62) | |
| 99mTc-annexin V | Mouse aorta | Isobe et al. 2006 (11) | |
| Proteolysis | 123I-HO-CGS27023 A [MMP-inhibitor] GHPGGPQGKC-NH2 [Cathepsin K substrate] – NIRF probe | Mouse aortae and human carotic arteries | Jaffer et al. 2007 (67) |
| Thrombogenicity and cell recruitment | 111In-platelets | Human carotid artery | Minar et al. 1989 (89) |
| 111In-platelets | Human carotid artery | Moriwaki et al. 1995 (90) | |
| 125I-GPVI/ 123I-GPVI [Platelet collagen receptor] | Mouse carotid artery | Gawaz et al. 2005 (11) | |
| 99mTc-DMP-444 [GPIIb-IIIa inhibitor] | Canine coronary artery | Mitchel et al. 2000 (91) | |
| 99mTc-T2G1s Fab [fibrinogen binding] | Canine femoral/ carotid artery | Cerqueira et al. 1992 (67) | |
| 125I-L19 [fibronectin binding] | Mouse aorta | Matter et al. 2004 (70) |