Table 1.

Levels of PFOA and PFOS in water in Japan and several other countries

Area	n	PFOA (ng/l)		PFOS (ng/l)		Ref.
		GM (GSD)	Range	GM (GSD)	Range
River
Hokkaido	1		0.4		1.9	[17]
Tohoku	15	1.1 (2.7)	0.1–4.2	1.2 (2.5)	0.3–4.6	[17]
Kanto	14	2.8 (3.6)	0.3–15.1	3.7 (3.9)	0.3–31.4	[17]
Kanto (Tsurumi River)	10		11.2–19.8		17.1–612	[22]
Chubu	17	2.5 (2.2)	0.3–16.3	1.1 (2.4)	0.3–6.0	[17]
Kansai	8	21.2 (6.2)	2.1–456.4	5.7 (3.6)	0.8–37.3	[17]
Kansai (Kanzaki River)	52		4.5–67,000		1.5–526	[17]
Kansai (Yodo River)	33	60.5 (4.0)	6–2568	7.1 (4.2)	0.8–123	[21]
Chugoku	9	1.5 (2.3)	0.5–8.1	1.0 (3.4)	0.4–25.1	[17]
Shikoku	7	3.0 (2.1)	1.4–13.8	1.1 (4.7)	0.2–14.9	[17]
Kyushu	8	1.3 (2.4)	0.2–3.3	0.7 (1.9)	0.3–1.7	[17]
Coastal water
Hokkaido	1		1.9		2.1	[17]
Hokkaido	1				<2.5	[20]
Tohoku	2	2.0 (1.1)	2.1–2.1	1.0 (1.9)	0.6–0.9	[17]
Kanto (Funabashi)	1		32.2		2.6	[17]
Kanto	4			26	8–59	[20]
Kanto	3	166 (1.1)	154–192	20.1 (1.5)	12.7–25.4	[23]
Chubu (Toyohashi)	1		11.5		0.7	[17]
Kansai (Koshien Hama)	1		448		27.69	[17]
Kansai	3			8.7	<4–21	[20]
Chugoku	4				<4	[17]
Kyushu	5			4.8	<9–11	[20]
Okinawa	4				<2.5	[20]
Tap water
Tohoku	15	0.3 (2.3)	0.01–1.0	0.2 (1.7)	0.1–0.5	[17]
Kanto (Tokyo)	19	<5	<5–25	6.4	<5–37	[29]
Kansai	15	15.3 (2.3)	4.9–42.2	3.8 (3.6)	0.3–12.7	[17]
Kansai (Osaka)	14	31	7.9–110	3.8	0.3–20	[28]
River
Tennessee, USA	40	366 (1.5)	140–498	55.1 (2.0)	16.8–144	[24]
Etobicoke Creek, Canada	13		11–1.1 × 104		ND-2.2 × 106	[25]
Cape Fear Drainage Basin, USA	80	16.2	<0.05–287	20.0	<0.05–132	[26]
Rhine River, Germany	38	4.9 (2.9)	2–48	6.5 (1.9)	2–26	[27]
Ruhr River, Germany	22	102 (5.0)	9–3640	11.7 (2.7)	4–193	[27]

GM geometric mean, GSD geometric standard deviation, ND not detected