Table 6.

Epidemiology and in vivo toxicities of PFOA and PFOS

Species	Humans	Monkeys	Rodents
PFOA
Carcinogenicity	Prostate cancer mortality [11]		Liver tumors, pancreatic acinar cell tumors, Leydig cell tumors [79]
Hepatotoxicities	Slight increases in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, gamma glutamyl aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase [77]	Hepatomegaly accompanied by mitochondrial proliferation, no peroxisome proliferation [85]	Peroxisome proliferation, increased hepatocyte hypertrophy, increased labeling index [83]
Developmental toxicities	Decreased birth weight [8, 10]		Early pregnancy loss, increased neonatal mortality, delayed eye opening, growth deficits, altered pubertal maturation [87, 91]
Behavioral and neurotoxicities		Decreases in food consumption and body weight [85]	Decreased food intake, reduced habituation and hyperactivity, hypoactive response to nicotine [94, 96]
Other	Higher prevalence of angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath on stairs, asthma [78]
PFOS
Carcinogenicity	Bladder cancer mortality [9]		Hepatocellular adenoma, thyroid follicular cell adenoma [80]
Hepatotoxicities	Possible increase in cholesterol, decrease in high-density cholesterol, initial decrease and subsequent increase in total bilirubin [76]	Decreased body weights, increased liver weights, lowered serum total cholesterol levels, lowered estradiol levels, no peroxisome proliferation [86]	Peroxisome proliferation, mild increase in hepatic palmitoyl CoA oxidase [80]
Developmental toxicities	Decreased birth weight, ponderal index, and head circumference [10]		Increased relative liver weight of pups, delayed eye opening, neonatal death due to intracranial blood vessel dilatation and lung atelectasis, decreased natural killer cell function in male pups [88–90]
Behavioral and neurotoxicities		Decreases in food consumption [86]	Decreased food intake [95], reduced habituation and hyperactivity, hypoactive response to nicotine [96]