Table 2. Actions taken against misconduct.

ID	N cases	Action taken	%
Tangney, 1987 [32]	78	Took some action to verify their suspicions of fraud or to remedy the situation	46
Rankin, 1997 [57]	31 [ffp]	In alleged cases of scientific misconduct a disciplinary action was taken by the dean	32.4
		Some authority was involved in a disciplinary action	20.5
Ranstam, 2000 [46]	49	I interfered to prevent it from happening	28.6
		I reported it to a relevant person or organization	22.4
Kattenbraker, 2007 [61]	33	Confronted individual	55.5
		Reported to supervisor	36.4
		Reported to Institutional Review Board	12.1
		Discussed with colleagues	36.4
Titus, 2008 [31]	115 [ffp]	The suspected misconduct was reported by the survey respondent	24.4
		The suspected misconduct was reported by someone else	33.3

Abbreviations: “N cases” is the total number of cases of misconduct observed by respondents, [ffp] indicates that the number includes cases of plagiarism, “%” is the percentage of cases that had the specified action taken against them. All responses are mutually exclusive except in Kattenbraker 2007.