Table 2.
Associations between parental sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and psychosocial factors and antibiotic use in 8-month old children, Malmö, Sweden.
| Characteristics | Use of antibiotics n (%) |
Crude OR 95% CI |
Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 1a) |
Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 2b) |
Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 3c) |
Adjusted OR 95% CI Model 4d) |
| Parents' country of birth | ||||||
| Parents born in Sweden | 837 (20.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| One parent born in Sweden | 254 (20.9) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 1.09 (0.91–1.32) | |
| Parents born outside Sweden | 378 (27.4) | 1.43 (1.24–1.65) | 1.47 (1.28–1.70) | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) | 1.73 (1.44–2.07) | |
| Maternal educational level | ||||||
| > 12 years | 800 (20.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| 10–12 years | 512 (24.2) | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) | 1.28 (1.12–1.45) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | |
| ≤ 9 years | 202 (28.9) | 1.61 (1.34–1.93) | 1.67 (1.39–2.01) | 1.47 (1.19–1.80) | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | |
| Maternal employment status | ||||||
| Parental leave | 1254 (22.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Working | 117 (19.8) | 0.86 (0.69–1.06) | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.90 (0.73–1.12) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) |
| Other | 141 (24.2) | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 1.09 (0.89–1.33) | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 1353 (22.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 138 (25.1) | 1.19 (0.97–1.46) | 1.20 (0.97–1.47) | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) |
| Environmental smoking | ||||||
| No | 1207 (21.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 313 (25.5) | 1.25 (1.09–1.45) | 1.27 (1.10–1.47) | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) |
| Economic stress | ||||||
| No | 1334 (21.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 124 (30.0) | 1.55 (1.24–1.93) | 1.58 (1.27–1.98) | 1.47 (1.16–1.86) | 1.38 (1.08–1.75) | 1.44 (1.09–1.91) |
| Emotional support | ||||||
| High | 1239 (21.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low | 266 (28.4) | 1.47 (1.26–1.71) | 1.49 (1.27–1.74) | 1.35 (1.13–1.61) | 1.29 (1.07–1.54) | 1.40 (1.13–1.73) |
a) Adjusted for year and gender
b) Adjusted for year, gender and parents' country of birth
c) Adjusted for year, gender, parents' country of birth and maternal educational level
d) Adjusted for year, gender, parents' country of birth, maternal educational level and recurrent infections