Table 3.
Characterization of nanomaterials.
| Particle Name | Chemical Composition | Morphology | Spec. Surf. Area (m2/g) | Equivalent Spherical Diameter (nm) |
| Copper | Cu2O (71 Wt%) CuO (22 Wt%) |
Generally equiaxed particles | 29.2 | 22.9 |
| Copper (commercial source) | NA | Rounded agglomerated | 7.18 | 90 |
| Copper oxide (cuprous) | Cu2O | Rounded | 10–11 | 83–94 |
| Copper oxide (cupric) | CuO (95 Wt%) Cu2O (5 Wt%) |
Generally equiaxed particles | 20.38 | 45.4 |
| Copper oxide (cupric commercial source) | NA | Rounded | 32 | 30 |
| Copper-Zinc mixed oxide variants | CuO (60–69 Wt%) ZnO (14–16 Wt%) |
Soft agglomerates of nanopowder with some large particles | NA | NA |
| Zinc oxide stoechiometric | ZnO (99.5 Wt%) | Irregular | 19.94 | 53.6 |
| Zinc-Titania mixed oxide variants 50-50 mix | ZnO (28.8 Wt%) TiO2 (5.1/12.7 Wt%) Zn2TiO4 (53.5 Wt%) |
Spherical/Rounded | 36.7 | 36.7 |
| Titania stoechiometric | Anatase TiO2 (99.87 Wt%) | Rounded/Spherical | 114.7 | 12.2 |
| Titania non-stoechiometric | Ti4O7 (39 Wt%) Ti10O18 (18 Wt%) Ti6O11 (10 Wt%) Rutile TiO2 (20 Wt%) Anatase TiO2 (13 Wt%) |
Soft agglomerates of nanopowder with some large particles | 12.38 | 112 |
| Silver | Ag (96.3 Wt%) AgNO2 (3.7 Wt%) |
Rounded, in necklace form | 1.83 | 312 |
| Silver (commercial source) | NA | Irregular | 4 | 142 |
| Cobalt | Co (91.49 Wt%) O (5.4 Wt%) |
Rounded/Spherical | 15.76 | 42.8 |
| Cobalt (commercial source) | NA | Small particles necklaced together | 29.2 | 20 |
| Nickel-Cobalt-Manganese mixed variants | Ni (28.5 Wt%) Co (25.5 Wt%) Mn (21.2 Wt%) |
Cuboid/Hexagonal | 18.3 | 53.4 |
| Nickel | Ni (96.99 Wt%) O (2.57 Wt%) |
Rounded/Spherical | 9.6–10.4 | 64–69 |
| Nickel oxide | NA | Cubic | 18.4 | 48.9 |
| Zirconia | ZrO2 (>98.5 Wt%) | Rounded/Spherical | 32 | 32 |
| Yttria doped Zirconia | ZrO2 (94–96 Wt%) Y2O3 (4–6 Wt%) |
Rounded/Spherical | 32 | 33.5 |
| Stainless steel | Fe (59.21 Wt%) Cr (20.21 Wt%) Ni (9.12 Wt%) Mo (1.02 Wt%) Si (1.01 Wt%) Mn (0.33 Wt%) |
Rounded/Spherical | 18.4 | 40.9 |
| Alumina | Al2O3 | Rounded/Spherical | 24–36 | 40–68 |
| Tin oxide | Sn | Irregular | 26 | 33 |
| Tungsten carbide | WC (46 Wt%) W (46 Wt%) WO3 (8 Wt%) |
Mixture of spherical and angular particles | 8.89 | 43.07 |
| Ceria | CeO2/TREO (Total Rare Earth Oxide) | Rounded | 25.21 | 33.4 |
Chemical composition was analyzed by Inductively Coupled plasma spectromtery ICPS/X ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF) and Leco Combustion analysis. Particle morphology by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Specific surface area (Spec. Surf. Area) was quantified by BET method (Brunauer, Emmett and Telle), and the equivalent spherical sample Diameter calculated from the surface area measurement. The sample of nanopowder were supplied by QinetiQ Nanomaterials Ltd, now called Intriniq Materials Ltd, UK. NA = not available.