Table 6.
Current status of haptic feedback in VR simulation and RAS training
| Subject | Study purpose | Conclusion | Level of evidencea | Literature reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miscellaneous | Evaluate the role of force feedback with applications to minimally invasive surgery | Haptic feedback is essential to deliver tissue consistency | 3b | [5] |
| Various forms of haptic feedback can only be felt up to 4 or 5 different levels | ||||
| Does addition of haptics improve performance in surgical training? | Early exposure to haptic feedback enhances performance in surgical simulator training | 3b | [31] [33] | |
| Sensory stimuli are more important than visual cues. During early stages of training, sensory perception capabilities improve | ||||
| Study perception of tissue consistency | VR simulators need haptic devices with force feedback capability if tissue consistency information is to be delivered | 3b | [33] [64] | |
| Determine whether force feedback influences movements of instruments | Negative learning effect may occur when performing tasks where pulling and pushing forces play a role in VR systems without haptics | |||
| Characterize laparoscopic gestures and quantitative measurement of the various interactions between organs and instrument | The question of whether to equip a trainee’s simulator with a force feedback system remains open | 3b | [26] | |
| Description of a framework that includes most of the important aspects of haptics in minimally invasive surgical simulation and training | Haptic feedback involves touching, feeling, and manipulating organs through instruments and should be implemented in MIS and VR training | 3b | [61] | |
| Current status in acquisition and assessment of surgical skills by using VR simulators | Haptic feedback is the most important factor in learning surgical dexterous skills | 3b | [62] | |
| Demonstrate the potential value of haptic and visual feedback combined in RAS training | Compared with traditional use of only visual feedback, a combination of haptic and visual feedback improves training accuracy, fastens task completion times, and decreases number of errors | 3b | [65] |
Studies were conducted as literary review or individual case–control study
aBased on the guidelines of the Oxford Centre of Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence [17]