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Definitive treatment modalities by the Gustillo type of open tibia fractures in children
| Gustillo type | Closed treatment (%)a | External fixation (%) | Open treatment (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type I | 111 (83.5)a | 15 (11.3) | 7 (5.3) |
| Type II | 125 (69.1) | 48 (26.5) | 8 (4.4) |
| Type III (all) | 40 (27.2) | 94 (63.9) | 13 (8.8) |
| Type IIIA | 18 (29.5) | 36 (59.0) | 7 (11.5) |
| Type IIIB | 1 (2.9) | 31 (88.6) | 3 (8.6) |
| Type III C | 0 (0) | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) |
aIncludes casting or pins and plaster following irrigation and debridement
