Table 1.
Selected characteristics of participants according to quintiles (Q) of glycemic index and energy-adjusted glycemic load
| Characteristics (mean or proportion) | Glycemic index |
Glycemic load |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |
| Glycemic index | 48.7 | 52.0 | 53.9 | 55.8 | 58.9 | 52.3 | 53.4 | 53.8 | 54.2 | 55.6 |
| Total carbohydrate, g/1,000kcal/d | 136 | 133 | 130 | 129 | 130 | 99 | 121 | 133 | 144 | 162 |
| Glycemic load, g/1,000kcal/d | 60.1 | 63.2 | 64.4 | 66.4 | 71.7 | 47.4 | 58.6 | 65.0 | 71.5 | 83.3 |
| Age at entry of cohort (y) | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 | 63 |
| Race, %African American | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 6.2 |
| Education, % college or post college | 42.5 | 43.8 | 42.3 | 38.5 | 29.8 | 41.5 | 40.8 | 39.8 | 38.4 | 35.8 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.5 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.3 | 27.2 | 26.9 | 26.6 | 26.1 |
| Physical activity, % active* | 53.9 | 51.8 | 48.5 | 44.6 | 39.2 | 42.8 | 46.4 | 48.1 | 50.2 | 50.5 |
| Smoking history | ||||||||||
| Never smokers, % | 36.6 | 37.2 | 36.8 | 35.0 | 31.6 | 24.4 | 33.2 | 37.3 | 40.6 | 41.7 |
| Former smokers, % | 48.5 | 49.5 | 49.2 | 49.1 | 47.7 | 53.0 | 50.4 | 48.7 | 47.0 | 45.0 |
| Current smokers, % | 10.6 | 9.6 | 10.4 | 12.4 | 17.1 | 18.6 | 12.6 | 10.4 | 8.9 | 9.5 |
| Missing | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 |
| Dietary and nutrient intake per day† | ||||||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal | 1,808 | 1,790 | 1,810 | 1,850 | 1,896 | 2,044 | 1,864 | 1,798 | 1,737 | 1,713 |
| Total fat, g/1,000kcal | 29.4 | 32.2 | 33.8 | 35.2 | 36.1 | 38.2 | 37.2 | 34.2 | 31.1 | 26.0 |
| Saturated fat, g/1,000 kcal | 9.4 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 10.7 | 9.6 | 7.9 |
| Red meat, g/1,000 kcal | 26.1 | 31.2 | 34.6 | 37.6 | 39.7 | 46.5 | 39.7 | 33.6 | 28.0 | 21.3 |
| Alcohol, g | 20.8 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 10.4 | 7.8 | 38.9 | 10.8 | 6.7 | 4.5 | 2.8 |
| Folate intake, μg/1,000 kcal | 374 | 347 | 323 | 296 | 258 | 272 | 305 | 326 | 344 | 352 |
| Fiber intake, g/1,000 kcal | 12.2 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 10.3 | 11.2 | 11.9 | 12.0 |
| Available carbohydrate constituents (g/1,000 kcal/d)† | ||||||||||
| Starch | 42.6 | 48.2 | 50.3 | 51.6 | 53.7 | 40.8 | 47.7 | 50.7 | 53.1 | 54.1 |
| Sucrose | 22.4 | 22.4 | 22.6 | 23.7 | 26.4 | 15.3 | 20.3 | 23.4 | 26.4 | 32.0 |
| Fructose | 15.9 | 14.3 | 13.1 | 12.6 | 12.7 | 8.1 | 10.8 | 12.9 | 15.3 | 21.4 |
| Glucose | 14.4 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 13.7 | 8.4 | 10.7 | 12.4 | 14.5 | 19.7 |
| Total sugar | 68.0 | 61.3 | 58.0 | 57.1 | 58.6 | 41.0 | 52.4 | 59.6 | 67.1 | 82.8 |
*
Active physical activity is defined as at least 20 min that caused increases in breathing or heart rate, or worked up a sweat for at least 3 times per week.
†
Dietary and nutrient variables adjusted for total energy intake using density methods.