Phylogenetic tree of vertebrate visual pigments whose λmax values (given after P) have been evaluated. Opsin (or visual pigment) names and their references (accession numbers) are: lamprey, Lamptera japonica (M63632); mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis (Y11146); goldfish, Carassius auratus (L11863); cavefish, Astyanax fasciatus (U12328); African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (L07770); bullfrog, Rana catesbeiona (S79840); leopard frog, Rana pipiens (S49004); salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum (U36574); American chameleon, Anolis caloninensis (L31503); chicken, Gallus gallus (D00702); bovine, Bos taurus (M21606); and dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (AF055456) for RH1 cluster; goldfish-G1 (L11865) and -G2 (L11866); chicken (M92038); American chameleon (31); and gecko, Gekko gekko (M92035) for RH2 cluster; goldfish (D85863); African clawed frog (U23463); American chameleon (32); chicken (M92039); human, Homo sapiens (M13295); mouse, Mus musculus (U49720); and rat, Rattus norvegicus (U63972) for SWS1 cluster; and goldfish (L11864); American chameleon (32); and chicken (M92037) for SWS2 cluster.