Direct reduction of Pu(VI) by cell suspensions of S. oneidensis (A) and G. metallireducens (B). Conditions: cell density, 5 × 108 cells/ml suspended in 100 mM MOPS at pH 7.4, 0.50 mM Pu(VI), 30°C. The concentrations of the electron donor were 10.0 mM lactate for S. oneidensis (A) and 10.0 mM acetate for G. metallireducens (B). Symbols: ▴, living cells with the electron donor; Δ, living cells with no electron donor; ⋄, no cells control; □, heat-killed-cell control.