FIG. 1.

Treatment of pigs with ATRA increased plasma levels of IL4 and IL12p70 after inoculation with A. suum. The IFN-γ, IL4, IL12p70, and TNF-α proteins were measured by ELISA in plasma taken from pigs 7 or 14 DAI with A. suum eggs. The results are expressed as the log of the mean in pg/ml ± SD from three pigs per group and were evaluated by one-way ANOVA. Treatment groups annotated with unique letters are statistically different at P values of <0.05. Plasma IL4 levels were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated for infected pigs fed 100 μg/kg and 1,000 μg/kg ATRA at 7 DAI relative to those for control pigs as determined by ANOVA. At 14 DAI, all pigs fed ATRA or infected pigs had significantly elevated IL4 compared to the level for control untreated pigs. There was also a significant (P < 0.05) increase in IL12p70 for infected pigs given 100 μg/kg ATRA. At 14 DAI, ATRA alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased IFN-γ and TNF-α. Infection with A. suum increased IFN-γ and TNF-α only (P < 0.05) for pigs given LD ATRA.