TABLE 1.

Synergistic induction of CCR4-binding chemokine mRNAs by IL4 and ATRA^a

Chemokine gene	Primary MΦ treatment groupb	mRNA expression		D4/21 cell treatment group	mRNA expression
		ΔCT (mean ± SD)	Fold change vs. control level		ΔCT (mean ± SD)	Fold change vs. control level
CCL11	Control	27.1 ± 1.2a	1.0	Control	22.1 ± 0.3a	1.0
	ATRA	26.8 ± 1.0a	1.3	ATRA	21.7 ± 0.1a	1.4
	IL4	14.4 ± 0.6b	7,131	IL4	10.8 ± 0.9b	2,352
	IL4/ATRA	13.1 ± 0.6b	17,560	IL4/ATRA	10.5 ± 0.1b	3,104
CCL26	Control	23.6 ± 1.3a	1.0	Control	21.7 ± 0.9a	1.0
	ATRA	22.8 ± 1.3a	2.5	ATRA	21.6 ± 0.1a	1.0
	IL4	15.6 ± 2.0b	247	IL4	12.2 ± 0.9b	676
	IL4/ATRA	13.6 ± 2.5b	1,024	IL4/ATRA	12.2 ± 0.1b	724
CCL17	Control	10.5 ± 1.4a	1.0	Control	20.9 ± 0.3a	1.0
	ATRA	8.8 ± 0.7b	3.1	ATRA	19.5 ± 0.6b	2.7
	IL4	8.9 ± 0.8b	3.0	IL4	16.9 ± 0.6c	16.0
	IL4/ATRA	7.5 ± 0.6c	8.0	IL4/ATRA	14.9 ± 0.5d	69.0
CCL22	Control	7.7 ± 0.9a	1.0	Control	16.0 ± 0.3a	1.0
	ATRA	6.1 ± 0.6b	3.2	ATRA	14.8 ± 0.7b	2.3
	IL4	7.1 ± 0.8a	1.6	IL4	14.9 ± 0.8b	2.1
	IL4/ATRA	5.5 ± 0.5c	4.6	IL4/ATRA	13.5 ± 0.4c	5.7

^aLung-adherent macrophages isolated from BAL cells of uninfected pigs or the macrophage cell line D4/21 were treated with or without ethyl alcohol or 10⁻⁶ M ATRA for 18 h and then treated with 5.0 ng/ml of porcine IL4 for 24 h. Data were normalized to the housekeeping gene PPIA. Groups were compared by one-way ANOVA.

^bExplanted primary alveolar macrophages isolated from untreated control pigs.