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Bacterial adherence to human desquamated epithelial cells. Lactococcus lactis displaying wild-type IsdA (pLIsdA), IsdAΔNEAT (pLΔNEAT), IsdAΔC (pLΔC), or no extra proteins (pNZ8148) was used. The washed cells then were incubated with human nasal epithelial cells before bacterial cell enumeration by microscopy. Results are expressed as the means from three independent experiments.
