Table 2.
Univariate Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors for Smoking Among 1,056 African American 8th- and 10th-Grade Students, Virginia, 2005
| Risk or Protective Factor | na | OR (95% CI)b | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factors | |||
| Neighborhood attachment | 1,008 | 1.34 (0.71-2.51) | .35 |
| Community disorganization | 988 | 1.34 (0.70-2.55) | .37 |
| High community transition | 970 | 1.19 (0.41-3.45) | .74 |
| Community norms | 1,000 | 1.97 (0.89-4.40) | .09 |
| Perceived availability of drugs | 1,011 | 1.79 (1.08-2.97) | .03 |
| Perceived availability of hand guns | 1,001 | 1.23 (0.77-1.98) | .37 |
| Poor family management | 923 | 1.51 (0.77-2.97) | .22 |
| Family conflict | 942 | 1.65 (0.96-2.85) | .07 |
| Family history of antisocial behavior | 934 | 1.51 (0.89-2.57) | .12 |
| Favorable parental attitudes toward alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use | 948 | 2.06 (1.06-4.01) | .03 |
| Favorable parental attitudes toward antisocial behavior | 943 | 2.46 (1.32-4.57) | .006 |
| Academic failure | 1,000 | 4.26 (2.45-7.38) | <.001 |
| Low commitment to school | 1,040 | 2.40 (1.60-3.59) | <.001 |
| Rebelliousness | 1,050 | 2.21 (1.29-3.77) | .005 |
| Early initiation of alcohol and marijuanac | 1,022 | 1.57 (1.31-1.87) | <.001 |
| Early initiation of problem behavior | 1,034 | 1.43 (1.08-1.90) | .02 |
| Favorable attitudes toward antisocial behavior | 1,043 | 1.47 (0.65-3.33) | .34 |
| Favorable attitudes toward drug use | 1,042 | 2.24 (1.19-4.24) | .02 |
| Perceived risks of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use | 1,035 | 1.52 (0.80-2.88) | .19 |
| Interaction with antisocial peers | 1,032 | 2.25 (1.88-2.69) | <.001 |
| Friends' use of drugs | 1,032 | 2.84 (2.25-3.59) | <.001 |
| Sensation seeking | 1,032 | 1.65 (1.21-2.25) | .002 |
| Rewards for smokingd | 1,039 | 1.16 (0.87-1.54) | .31 |
| Rewards for antisocial behaviord | 1,038 | 1.21 (1.01-1.44) | .04 |
| Gang involvement | 1,038 | 1.06 (0.84-1.33) | .63 |
| Protective factors | |||
| Community opportunities for prosocial involvement | 748 | 0.97 (0.53-1.77) | .91 |
| Community rewards for prosocial involvement | 993 | 0.83 (0.40-1.72) | .60 |
| Family attachment | 910 | 0.70 (0.37-1.30) | .25 |
| Family opportunities for prosocial involvement | 917 | 0.84 (0.48-1.47) | .53 |
| Family rewards for prosocial involvement | 912 | 0.58 (0.40-0.85) | .006 |
| School opportunities for prosocial involvement | 1,034 | 0.54 (0.30-0.97) | .04 |
| School rewards for prosocial involvement | 1,041 | 0.60 (0.30-1.20) | .15 |
| Religiosity | 963 | 0.77 (0.47-1.28) | .31 |
| Social skills | 1,042 | 0.34 (0.25-0.48) | <.001 |
| Belief in a moral order | 1,052 | 0.39 (0.21-0.72) | .004 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Because factor constructs relied on answers to multiple survey questions, a missing response on any component resulted in a missing value for that factor scale. Because of this variation, the reported n's are for students with complete data on the factor or factors reported.
b
Simple logistic regression was used to determine OR. OR indicates the increase in odds associated with a 1-point increase in factor score.
c
Factor modified to exclude cigarette smoking.
d
Rewards for antisocial behavior split to create rewards for smoking as a separate factor.