Table 2.
Risk or Protective Factor | na | OR (95% CI)b | P Value |
---|---|---|---|
Risk factors | |||
Neighborhood attachment | 1,008 | 1.34 (0.71-2.51) | .35 |
Community disorganization | 988 | 1.34 (0.70-2.55) | .37 |
High community transition | 970 | 1.19 (0.41-3.45) | .74 |
Community norms | 1,000 | 1.97 (0.89-4.40) | .09 |
Perceived availability of drugs | 1,011 | 1.79 (1.08-2.97) | .03 |
Perceived availability of hand guns | 1,001 | 1.23 (0.77-1.98) | .37 |
Poor family management | 923 | 1.51 (0.77-2.97) | .22 |
Family conflict | 942 | 1.65 (0.96-2.85) | .07 |
Family history of antisocial behavior | 934 | 1.51 (0.89-2.57) | .12 |
Favorable parental attitudes toward alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use | 948 | 2.06 (1.06-4.01) | .03 |
Favorable parental attitudes toward antisocial behavior | 943 | 2.46 (1.32-4.57) | .006 |
Academic failure | 1,000 | 4.26 (2.45-7.38) | <.001 |
Low commitment to school | 1,040 | 2.40 (1.60-3.59) | <.001 |
Rebelliousness | 1,050 | 2.21 (1.29-3.77) | .005 |
Early initiation of alcohol and marijuanac | 1,022 | 1.57 (1.31-1.87) | <.001 |
Early initiation of problem behavior | 1,034 | 1.43 (1.08-1.90) | .02 |
Favorable attitudes toward antisocial behavior | 1,043 | 1.47 (0.65-3.33) | .34 |
Favorable attitudes toward drug use | 1,042 | 2.24 (1.19-4.24) | .02 |
Perceived risks of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use | 1,035 | 1.52 (0.80-2.88) | .19 |
Interaction with antisocial peers | 1,032 | 2.25 (1.88-2.69) | <.001 |
Friends' use of drugs | 1,032 | 2.84 (2.25-3.59) | <.001 |
Sensation seeking | 1,032 | 1.65 (1.21-2.25) | .002 |
Rewards for smokingd | 1,039 | 1.16 (0.87-1.54) | .31 |
Rewards for antisocial behaviord | 1,038 | 1.21 (1.01-1.44) | .04 |
Gang involvement | 1,038 | 1.06 (0.84-1.33) | .63 |
Protective factors | |||
Community opportunities for prosocial involvement | 748 | 0.97 (0.53-1.77) | .91 |
Community rewards for prosocial involvement | 993 | 0.83 (0.40-1.72) | .60 |
Family attachment | 910 | 0.70 (0.37-1.30) | .25 |
Family opportunities for prosocial involvement | 917 | 0.84 (0.48-1.47) | .53 |
Family rewards for prosocial involvement | 912 | 0.58 (0.40-0.85) | .006 |
School opportunities for prosocial involvement | 1,034 | 0.54 (0.30-0.97) | .04 |
School rewards for prosocial involvement | 1,041 | 0.60 (0.30-1.20) | .15 |
Religiosity | 963 | 0.77 (0.47-1.28) | .31 |
Social skills | 1,042 | 0.34 (0.25-0.48) | <.001 |
Belief in a moral order | 1,052 | 0.39 (0.21-0.72) | .004 |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Because factor constructs relied on answers to multiple survey questions, a missing response on any component resulted in a missing value for that factor scale. Because of this variation, the reported n's are for students with complete data on the factor or factors reported.
Simple logistic regression was used to determine OR. OR indicates the increase in odds associated with a 1-point increase in factor score.
Factor modified to exclude cigarette smoking.
Rewards for antisocial behavior split to create rewards for smoking as a separate factor.