Table 3.
Multivariate Logistic Regression of Risk and Protective Factors for Smoking Among African American 8th- and 10th-Grade Students, Virginia, 2005
| Variable | Model 1 (n = 784)a | Model 2 (n = 674)a | Model 3 (n = 663)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| OR (95% CI)b | P Value | OR (95% CI)b | P Value | OR (95% CI)b | P Value | |
| Grade | ||||||
| 8th | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| 10th | 3.39 (1.89-6.09) | <.001 | 4.04 (2.12-7.71) | <.001 | 5.22 (1.86-14.63) | .003 |
| Mother's education | ||||||
| High school graduate or less | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Some college or college degree | 0.38 (0.12-1.17) | .09 | 0.31 (0.13-0.70) | .006 | 0.29 (0.13-0.69) | .006 |
| Postgraduate education | 0.24 (0.04-1.49) | .12 | 0.24 (0.05-1.18) | .08 | 0.23 (0.04-1.28) | .09 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Male | 1.21 (0.35-4.24) | .75 | 1.29 (0.34-4.93) | .70 | 1.98 (0.44-8.86) | .36 |
| Risk and protective factors | ||||||
| Academic failure | 3.34 (1.44-7.76) | .007 | 3.41 (1.12-10.37) | .03 | 2.73 (1.04-7.21) | .04 |
| Friend's use of drugs | 1.88 (1.21-2.92) | .007 | 1.45 (1.05-2.01) | .03 | 1.28 (0.93-1.76) | .12 |
| Early initiation of alcohol and marijuanac | 1.59 (1.24-2.04) | .001 | 1.59 (1.30-1.94) | <.001 | 1.52 (1.22-1.89) | <.001 |
| Rewards for smokingd | 1.38 (0.78-2.42) | .26 | NI | NI | ||
| Rewards for antisocial involvementd | 0.52 (0.26-1.03) | .06 | 0.71 (0.43-1.16) | .16 | 0.81 (0.56-1.17) | .26 |
| School rewards for prosocial involvement | 0.42 (0.21-0.85) | .02 | 0.41 (0.25-0.69) | .001 | 0.37 (0.20-0.68) | .002 |
| Parental attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior | NI | 1.45 (0.57-3.68) | .42 | 1.23 (0.50-3.02) | .65 | |
| Parental attitudes favorable toward alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana use | NI | 1.07 (0.64-1.79) | .80 | 1.21 (0.75-1.94) | .42 | |
| Family conflict | NI | 1.19 (0.46-3.10) | .71 | 1.25 (0.50-3.10) | .62 | |
| Family history of antisocial behavior | NI | 1.07 (0.73-1.57) | .72 | 0.98 (0.64-1.50) | .92 | |
| Family rewards for prosocial involvement | NI | 1.21 (0.46-3.18) | .70 | 1.07 (0.40-2.92) | .89 | |
| Perceived availability of drugs | NI | NI | 1.36 (0.79-2.34) | .25 | ||
| Community norms | NI | NI | 0.70 (0.38-1.29) | .24 | ||
| Pseudo R 2 | .39 | .38 | .35 | |||
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NI, not included in this model.
Because factor constructs relied on answers to multiple survey questions, a missing response on any component resulted in a missing value for that factor scale. Information was particularly missing for items included in the family domain, which resulted in lower n's for models that included these variables. Because of this variation, the reported n's are for students with complete data on the factor or factors reported.
For risk and protective factors, OR indicates the increase in odds associated with a 1-point increase in factor score.
Factor modified to exclude cigarette smoking.
Rewards for antisocial behavior split to create rewards for smoking as a separate factor.