Basic respiratory |
• > 50% oxygen delivered by face mask |
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• Close observation due to the potential for acute deterioration |
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• Physiotherapy or suction to clear secretions at least two hourly |
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• Patients recently extubated after a prolonged period of intubation and mechanical ventilation |
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• Mask CPAP or non-invasive ventilation. |
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• Patients who are intubated to protect the airway but needing no ventilatory support and who are otherwise stable |
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Advanced respiratory |
• Invasive mechanical ventilatory support |
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• Extracorporeal respiratory support |
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Basic cardiovascular |
• Treatment of circulatory instability due to hypovolaemia |
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• Use of a CVP line for basic monitoring or central access |
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• Use of an arterial line for basic monitoring or sampling |
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• Single intravenous vasoactive |
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• Intravenous drugs to control cardiac arrhythmias |
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• Non-invasive measurement of cardiac |
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Advanced cardiovascular |
• Multiple intravenous vasoactive and/or rhythm controlling drugs |
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• Patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest where intensive therapy is considered clinically appropriate. |
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• Observation of cardiac output and derived |
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• Intra aortic balloon pumping. |
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• Temporary cardiac |
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• Placement of a gastrointestinal tonometer |
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Renal |
• Acute renal replacement therapy |
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Neurological |
• Central nervous system depression sufficient to prejudice the airway and protective reflexes |
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• Invasive neurological monitoring |
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• Severely agitated or epileptic patients requiring constant nursing attention and/or heavy sedation |
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Gastrointestinal |
• Feeding with parenteral or enteral nutrition |
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Dermatological |
• Patients with major skin rashes, exfoliation or burns |
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• Use of multiple, large trauma dressings |
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• Use of complex dressings |
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Liver |
• Extracorporeal liver replacement device |