Table 2.
Environmental, behavioural and non-pharmacological pain control strategies in newborn
| Author | Heel lancing | Veni- puncture | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sucrose: in doses from 0.012 to 0.12 g. 12–24% at a dose of 0.2–0.3 mL orally 2 min before the procedure in preterm infants and 1–2 mL in term infants. | Stevens B et al. Cochrane Rev. 2004 | A | A | – |
| Expressed human milk or breastfeeding | Shah VS et al. Cochrane Rev. 2006 | A | A | – |
| Glucose solution: dose range 1–2 mL of 10–33% glucose | Skogsdal Y et al.1997 Gradin M et al. 2004 Eriksson M et al.1999 Carbajal R et al. 1999 Carbajal R et al. 1999 | C | B | – |
| Non-nutritive sucking (NNS): i.e. placing a pacifier in an infant's mouth to promote sucking behaviour with no breast or formula milk to provide nourishment | Field T et al. 1984 Shiao Y et al. 1997 Stevens B et al. 1999 Bellieni CV et al. 2001 Corbo MG et al. 2000 | B | – | – |
| Music therapy: music with intrauterine sounds or instrumental music in association with NNS | Bo and Callaghan 2000 Butt and Kisilevsky 2000 | D | – | – |
| Facilitated tucking: holding the arms and legs in a flexed position | Corff KE et al.1995 Axelin A. et al. 2006 Ward and Larson et al. 2004 | C | – | Endotracheal suctioning or routine care C |
| Swaddling: wrapping the neonate in a sheet/blanket | Fearon et al. 1997 Huang et al. 2004 Prasopkittikun and Tilokskulchai 2003 VanSleuwen BE et al. 2007 | C | – | – |
| Maternal touching and holding: cradling the baby in the mother's arms | Prasopkittikun and Tilokskulchai 2003 | D | – | – |
| Kangaroo care or Kangaroo mother care: the neonate is taken out of the incubator and laid on the mother's or father's bare skin (skin-to-skin contact) | Gray L et al. 2000; Johnston C et al. 2003 and 2008 Ludington-Hoe et al. 2005 Feber Sg et al. 2008 | B | – | - |
| Positioning: laying the neonate supine; the evidence of its utility remains inconclusive | Stevens B et al. 1999 Prasopkittikun and Tilokskulchai 2003 Grunau R et al. 2004 | – | – | – |
| Individualized developmental care, e.g. limiting environmental stimuli, lateral positioning, using supportive bedding, monitoring behavioural clues, respecting circadian rhythms | Sizun J et al. 2002 | – | – | C |
| Olfactory stimulation: vanillin aroma | Goubet et al. 2003 | – | C | |
| Sensorial saturation: multiple sensorial stimulation at orogustatory, auditory, olfactory and tactile level | Bellieni et al. 2001 | B | – | |
| Environmental care: controlling/reducing light and noise | Blackburn 1996, Franck 1998, Brandon 2002, Anand 2001, Menon 1998, Sauve 1995, AAP 1997 | – | – | D |
| Parental presence during medical procedures | Axelin A 2006 | – | – | D |