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. 2009 May 18;106(22):8975–8979. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900215106

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Temporal dynamics of periodical cicadas starting with 11 pure broods at 10- to 20-year cycles. (A) Real-number model with the Allee effect (Nc = 100). All but 13-, 17-, and 19-year cycles are extinct at an early stage. The order of population sizes at the end (100 years) is: 17 > 13 > 19. (B) Control: real-number model without the Allee effect (Nc = 0). Parameters are S = 0.95 and E = 0.5. All survive until the end (100 years), and the order of population sizes is 16 > 15 > 18 > 17 > 19 > 14 > 20 @k 13 > 12 > 11 > 10.