TABLE 3.

Approach to Identifying the Conditions Under Which Research is Used (By Stage of the Policymaking Process)

Step	Examples of Available Options	Our Approach
1. Identify factors that influence the policymaking process.	• Policymakers describe in an interview or survey the factors that influenced the prioritization (i.e., agenda-setting), policy-development, or policy-implementation stages of the policymaking process.	• When describing in an interview the prioritization and policy-development stages of the policymaking process, policy advisers identify the factors influencing each stage (and these factors were then coded in the following ways):
	• Other participants in the policymaking process identify in an interview or survey their roles and influence in any of the stages of the policymaking process.	• Ideas (subcoded as citable research, other types of information, legislators’ values, policy advisers’ values, stakeholders’ values, and the public's values).
	• Documents produced in some of the stages of the policymaking process identify the factors influencing the stage(s).	• Interests (subcoded as stakeholders’ interests, legislators’ interests, and policy advisers’ interests).
		• Institutions (subcoded as past policies, the openness of the policymaking process, the time-pressured nature of the policymaking process, and the nature of approval required for the policy).
		• Documents produced in some of the stages of the policymaking process identify the factors influencing the stage (and these factors were then coded as above).
2. Identify factors that exert a major influence on the policymaking process.	• As noted above but with the degree of influence specified.	• Each of the above factors was coded as either a major or a minor influence on the policymaking process.