TABLE 2.

Impact of Structural Determinants on Organizational Innovativeness from a Meta-Analysis of 23 Studies of Service and Manufacturing

Potential Determinants	Definition	Association with Organizational Innovativeness
Administrative intensity	Indicator of administrative overhead.	Positive, significant
Centralization	Extent to which decision-making autonomy is dispersed or concentrated in an organization.	Negative, significant
Complexity	“Specialization,”“functional differentiation,” and “professionalism.”	Positive, significant
External communication	Degree of organization members’ involvement and participation in extraorganizational professional activities.	Positive, significant
Formalization	Reflects emphasis on following rules and procedures in conducting organizational activities.	No significant association
Functional differentiation	Extent to which divided into different units.	Positive, significant
Internal communication	Extent of communication among organizational units.	Positive, significant
Managerial attitude toward change	Extent to which managers or members of the dominant coalition favor change.	Positive, significant
Managerial tenure	Length of managers’ service and experience within an organization.	No significant association
Professionalism	Professional knowledge of an organization's members.	Positive, significant
Slack resources	Reflects an organization's resources beyond minimal requirement to maintain operations.	Positive, significant
Specialization	Number of an organization's specialties.	Positive, significant
Technical capacity	Reflects an organization's technical resources and technical potential.	Positive, significant
Vertical differentiation	Number of levels in an organization's hierarchy.	No significant association

Source: Damanpour 1991.