TABLE 3.

Health Insurance and Health

Study	Key Findings
Young and Cohen 1991	Compared with privately insured patients, uninsured heart attack patients were 15% to 43% less likely to receive a major heart procedure and were 50% more likely to have died within 30 days of discharge, if discharged alive (13.1% mortality compared with 8.3%).
Ayanian et al. 1993	Controlling for disease stage, uninsured women with breast cancer (with local or regional disease) had a 50% lower survival probability up to five years postdiagnosis; no difference for women with distant disease.
Franks, Clancy, and Gold 1993	Uninsured persons were 1.25 times more likely to die than were privately insured persons; almost twice as many uninsured persons had died after 17 years (18.4% compared with 9.6%).
Sorlie et al. 1994	Compared at baseline with privately insured persons, uninsured persons were 1.2 to 1.5 times more likely to have died after five years.
Ayanian et al. 2000	Controlling for other risk factors, uninsured persons were significantly less likely to receive screening and preventive services and, due to cost, significantly more likely to report not seeing a physician when sick.
Baker et al. 2001	Uninsured persons were 1.4 times more likely to have a major health decline or to die and were 1.2 times more likely to develop an activity limitation (difficulty walking or climbing stairs).

Note: These studies were reviewed in Hadley 2001.