TABLE 2.
Measurement, Data Sources, and Descriptive Statistics
| Variable | Measurement | Data Source | Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Efficiency | Ratio of total expenses ($1000s) to statistical beds | AHA Annual Survey | 166.79 (112.11) | |
| Occupancy | Ratio of average daily census to statistical beds | AHA Annual Survey | 0.59 (0.18) | |
| Adjusted admissions | Sum of inpatient admissions and equivalent admissions attributed to outpatient services | AHA Annual Survey | 8699.00 (8594.00) | |
| Market share | Percentage of total adjusted admissions in county attributable to focal hospital | AHA Annual Survey | 0.52 (0.39) | |
| Cash flow | Ratio of net assets and depreciation to total assets | Medicare Cost Report | 0.09 (0.19) | |
| Corporate governance configuration | Degree to which hospital's governing board conformed to corporate model of governance | AHA Governance Survey | 0.46 (0.14) | |
| Size | Number of hospital beds set up and staffed | AHA Annual Survey | 192.78 (178.45) | |
| Ownership | Represented by a dummy variable: public; private nonprofits serve as the reference category | AHA Annual Survey | Public | 0.30 (0.46) |
| Private | 0.70 (0.46) | |||
| Hospital teaching status | Presence of internship or residency programs (1 = yes; 0 = no) | AHA Annual Survey | 0.16 (0.37) | |
| System affiliation | Membership in multihospital system (1 = yes; 0 = no) | AHA Annual Survey | 0.24 (0.43) | |
| Institutional ties | Number of affiliations with accrediting organizations, national associations, and insurance groups | AHA Annual Survey | 3.85 (1.64) | |
| Rural location | Hospital's location in nonmetropolitan county | Area Resource File | 0.48 (0.50) | |
| Market competition | 1 minus the Herfindahl index (sum of squared market share of all community hospitals in market) | AHA Annual Survey | 0.54 (0.36) | |
| Per capita income | Average income of residents of county of hospital | Area Resource File | 16057.70 (4347.80) |