TABLE 5.
Mobility Limitation Regressed on Maximum State SSI Benefit for Single Individuals
| CA and CT Excluded | Institutionalized Excluded | States with Supplements | Including Social Security Income | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | <=25th Income Percentile | All | <=25th Income Percentile | All | <=25th Income Percentile | All | <=25th Income Percentile | |
| Maximum monthly state SSI benefit a | −0.0166* | −0.0306* | −0.0029* | −0.0181*** | −0.0047 | −0.0168∧ | −0.0041* | −0.0179* |
| (0.0074) | (0.0142) | (0.0012) | (0.0049) | (0.0028) | (0.0093) | (0.0017) | (0.0074) | |
| Male | −0.0396*** | −0.0463*** | −0.0408*** | −0.0522*** | −0.0383*** | −0.045*** | −0.0360*** | −0.0454*** |
| (0.0011) | (0.0027) | (0.0012) | (0.0028) | (0.0016) | (0.0029) | (0.0010) | (0.0023) | |
| Age (reference = 85+) | ||||||||
| 65–74 | −0.3065*** | −0.2234*** | −0.3326*** | −0.2735*** | −0.2986*** | −0.2141*** | −0.3071*** | −0.2236*** |
| (0.0031) | (0.0049) | (0.0033) | (0.0045) | (0.0032) | (0.0054) | (0.0027) | (0.0042) | |
| 75–84 | −0.1979*** | −0.1322*** | −0.2267*** | −0.1845*** | −0.1960*** | −0.1311*** | −0.1975*** | −0.1329*** |
| (0.0021) | (0.0036) | (0.0021) | (0.0033) | (0.0019) | (0.0049) | (0.0019) | (0.0033) | |
| Marital status (reference = widowed) | ||||||||
| Divorced | −0.0023* | −0.0054* | −0.0016 | −0.0004 | −0.0035∧ | −0.0120* | −0.0068*** | −0.0050* |
| (0.0010) | (0.0025) | (0.0012) | (0.0024) | (0.0032) | (0.0046) | (0.0011) | (0.0022) | |
| Never married | −0.0007*** | −0.0137*** | −0.0034∧ | −0.0149*** | −0.003 | −0.0019 | −0.0074*** | −0.0101** |
| (0.0018) | (0.0031) | (0.0020) | (0.0040) | (0.0028) | (0.0032) | (0.0018) | (0.0032) | |
| Race/ethnicity (reference = white) | ||||||||
| Black | −0.0483*** | −0.0329*** | −0.0516*** | −0.0385*** | −0.0690*** | −0.0546*** | −0.0439*** | −0.0336*** |
| (0.0054) | (0.0064) | (0.0056) | (0.0066) | (0.0044) | (0.0051) | (0.0053) | (0.0058) | |
| Hispanic | −0.0464*** | −0.0341*** | −0.0389*** | −0.0287** | −0.0370** | −0.0276* | −0.0319*** | −0.0261** |
| (0.0052) | (0.0057) | (0.0089) | (0.0087) | (0.0128) | (0.0121) | (0.0073) | (0.0072) | |
| Immigrant | −0.0174*** | −0.0111* | −0.0222*** | −0.0156** | −0.0297*** | −0.0250*** | −0.0167*** | −0.0123** |
| (0.0035) | (0.0054) | (0.0047) | (0.0048) | (0.0036) | (0.0022) | (0.0037) | (0.0043) | |
| Years of education (reference = college degree) | ||||||||
| Less than high school | −0.1070*** | −0.0671*** | −0.1086*** | −0.0700*** | −0.1017*** | −0.0651*** | −0.1030*** | −0.0686*** |
| (0.0023) | (0.0032) | (0.0022) | (0.0034) | (0.0031) | (0.0040) | (0.0021) | (0.0029) | |
| High school but less than college degree | −0.0398*** | −0.0170*** | −0.0406*** | −0.0162*** | −0.0409*** | −0.0173** | −0.0394*** | −0.0191*** |
| (0.0015) | (0.0033) | (0.0018) | (0.0037) | (0.0029) | (0.0055) | (0.0018) | (0.0031) | |
| State unemployment rate | −0.0046** | −0.0060* | −0.0033** | −0.0048∧ | −0.0024 | −0.0033 | −0.0044** | −0.0068* |
| (0.0015) | (0.0028) | (0.0013) | (0.0022) | (0.0017) | (0.0037) | (0.0016) | (0.0031) | |
| Social Security income | −0.000003*** | −0.000002*** | ||||||
| (0.0000) | (0.0000) | |||||||
| Institutionalized | −0.5046*** | −0.5163*** | (dropped) | (dropped) | −0.5005*** | −0.5133*** | −0.4908*** | −0.5105*** |
| (0.0049) | (0.0055) | (0.0102) | (0.0077) | (0.0060) | (0.0057) | |||
| Year 2000 | −0.0430*** | −0.0214*** | −0.0502*** | −0.0406*** | −0.0427*** | −0.0229*** | −0.0462*** | −0.0237*** |
| (0.0014) | (0.0027) | (0.0012) | (0.0026) | (0.0025) | (0.0045) | (0.0013) | (0.0027) | |
| Mean of dependent variable | −0.29 | −0.40 | −0.25 | −0.29 | −0.28 | −0.39 | −0.29 | −0.40 |
| Number of observations | 1,386,524 | 333,989 | 1,458,620 | 321,145 | 721,714 | 172,930 | 1,563,910 | 376,616 |
Notes:
a
Parameter estimates multiplied times 100.
All models include state fixed effects.
Standard errors in parentheses: ∧p <. 10
*
p <. 05
**
p <. 01
***
p <. 001.