Table 1.
Study Characteristics
|
Sample Limited to |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author | Data Source | Study Design | N | Sample Population | Women | Caregivers | Labor Force Participants | Caring for Elderly | Caring for Family |
| 1. U.S. Studies Using the National Long Term Care Survey (NLTCS) and Informal Care Survey (ICS) (n = 10) | |||||||||
| Boaz and Muller 1992 | 1982 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 1,917 | Adults of all ages providing unpaid care for a period of 3+ months to a nationally representative sample of functionally limited (at least 1 ADL/IADL limitation) Medicare-enrolled seniors living at home | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Boaz 1996 | 1982 and 1989 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 1,489 (1989); 597 (1989) | ICS sample; bivariate analysis considered adults of all ages; regression analysis considered those aged 64 and under | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Doty, Jackson, and Crown 1998 | 1989 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 818 | ICS sample; bivariate analysis considered both adults of all ages and those aged 18–64; regression analysis considered only women | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Mutschler 1993 | 1982 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 494 | ICS sample; analysis limited to current or former labor force participants | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Mutschler 1994 | 1982 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 1,059 | ICS sample; analysis limited to current labor force participants | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Stone and Short 1990 | 1982 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 1,003 | ICS sample; analysis limited to children and nonspousal caregivers aged 65 and under | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| White-Means and Thornton 1990 | 1982 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 231 | ICS sample; analysis limited to 4 self-identified ethnic groups (German, Irish, English, and African Americans) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| White-Means 1992 | 1982 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 615 | ICS sample; analysis limited to labor force participants | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| White-Means and Chollet 1996 | 1982 and 1989 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 741 | ICS sample; analysis limited to current or former labor force participants | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| White-Means 1997 | 1989 NLTCS and ICS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 326 | ICS sample; analysis limited to current or former labor force participants aged 21–65 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 2. U.S. Studies Using the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) (n = 4) | |||||||||
| Ettner 1996 | 1987 NSFH | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 6,451 | Nationally representative sample of adults aged 19 and over living in private residences in the U.S.; analysis limited to those with a living parent; caregivers included those who lived with someone who was disabled or chronically ill, or who provided care to someone outside of their home who was seriously ill or disabled | ✓ OAa | ✓ | |||
| McLanahan and Monson 1990 | 1987 NSFH | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 10,785 | NSFH sample; analysis limited to those aged 64 and under | |||||
| Wakabayashi and Donato 2005 | 1987 and 1992 NSFH | Longitudinal surveyb; secondary data analysis | 2,638 | NSFH sample; analysis limited to women aged 19–70 who were labor force participants, and who had at least 1 living nonresidential parent, step-parent, or parent-in-law in both survey years | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ OA | ✓ | |
| Wolf and Soldo 1994 | 1987–1988 NSFH | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 1,717 | NSFH sample; analysis limited to married women with at least 1 living parent, step-parent, or parent-in-law aged 65 and over | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| 3. U.S. Studies Using Other Data (n = 13) | |||||||||
| Barnes, Given, and Given 1995 | Original interviews and self-administered questionnaires | Cross-sectional survey | 118 | Convenience sample of 118 adult daughters/daughters-in-law acting as primary caregivers to 1 dependent community-dwelling elderly parent or parent-in-law | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Bullock, Crawford, and Tennstedt 2003 | Springfield Elder Project | Cross-sectional survey | 119 | 1,975 noninstitutionalized elderly living in Springfield, Massachusetts; analysis limited to adults of any age acting as caregivers to functionally disabled elderly African Americans living in private households | ✓ | ✓ 60+ | |||
| Chang and White-Means 1995 | 1982–1984 National Long Term Care Channeling Evaluation | Randomized trial; secondary data analysis | 1,926 | Adults of all ages acting as primary caregivers to the frail elderly at risk of hospitalization at 10 sites across the U.S. | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Covinsky et al. 2001 | 1992–1998 Caregivers of patients enrolled in the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 4,592 | Caregivers to frail elderly at risk of institutionalization; 11 of 12 cities across the U.S.; sample limited to labor force participants or those who left their jobs to provide care | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Dentinger and Clarkberg 2002 | 1994–1995 Cornell Retirement and Well-Being Study (CRWB) | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 763 | Employees aged 50–72 of 6 large randomly selected employers in upstate New York; caregivers helped relatives or friends who were elderly or disabled; additional caregiving elements considered by this study included checking up by telephone and making care arrangements | ✓ | ||||
| Ettner 1995 | Pooled data from 1986, 1987, and 1988 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 11,486 | Analysis limited to women aged 35–64; among caregiving subsample, analysis limited to those providing personal assistance to parents for a health condition lasting 3+ months | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Franklin, Ames, and King 1994 | Postacute home care patients in Michigan | Longitudinal survey | 236 | 630 family members of patients discharged from Michigan acute care hospitals; analysis limited to female employed family members acting as primary caregivers to individuals with at least 1 ADL or 2 IADL limitations and living at home | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 55+ | ✓ |
| Moen, Robison, and Fields 1994 | 1956 and 1986 Women's Roles Survey | Longitudinal survey | 293 | Random sample of wives and mothers from a mid-sized community in upstate New York, interviewed in 1956 and again in 1986; caregivers provided assistance to the ill, disabled, and elderly | ✓ | ||||
| Muurinen 1986 | 1980–1983 National Hospice Study (NHS) | Quasi-experimental; secondary data analysis | 1,445 | Adults of all ages acting as primary caregivers to terminally ill cancer patients enrolled in the NHS at multiple sites across the U.S. | ✓ | ||||
| Pavalko and Artis 1997 | 1984 and 1987 National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Women | Longitudinal survey; secondary data analysis | 3,083 | Nationally representative sample of women in the U.S.; analysis limited to those aged 47–64 in 1987; caregivers provided assistance to an ill or disabled family member | ✓ | ||||
| Pohl et al. 1994 | Combined 2 data sets from the midwest U.S. | Cross-sectional survey | 159 | Family caregivers to elderly individuals with at least 1 ADL limitation (n = 536) and to older adults with Alzheimer's disease (n = 229); analysis limited to adult caregiving daughters and daughters-in-law | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 55+ | ✓ | |
| Pohl, Collins, and Given 1998 | Postacute home care patients in Michigan | Longitudinal survey | 157 | 628 family members of patients discharged from Michigan acute-care hospitals; analysis limited to adult caregiving daughters and daughters-in-law to individuals with at least 1 ADL or 2 IADL limitations and living at home | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ 55+ | ✓ | |
| White-Means 1993 | 1982–1984 National Long Term Care Channeling Evaluation | Randomized trial; secondary data analysis | 454 | Adults of all ages acting as primary caregivers to the frail elderly at risk of institutionalization at 10 sites across the U.S.; analysis limited to 454 African Americans | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| 4. UK Studies (n = 6) | |||||||||
| Arber and Ginn 1995 | 1985 and 1990 General Household Survey (GHS) | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 11,879 | Nationally representative sample of adults aged 16 and older living in private households; analysis limited to those aged 20–60; caregivers were regularly caring for someone in a private residence who was sick, handicapped, or elderly | |||||
| Carmichael and Charles 1998 | 1985 GHS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 7,269 | GHS sample; limited to women aged 21–59 | ✓ | ||||
| Carmichael and Charles 2003a | 1990 GHS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 5,463 | GHS sample; limited to women aged 18–59 | ✓ | ||||
| Carmichael and Charles 2003b | 1990 GHS | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 10,098 | GHS sample; limited to women aged 18–59 and men aged 18–64 | |||||
| Carmichael et al. 2005 | 1992 and 1999 British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) | Longitudinal survey; secondary data analysis | 7,836 | Nationally representative survey of 10,000 adults living in private households in the UK; analysis limited to working-aged adults; caregivers provided regular service to someone who was sick, disabled, or elderly | |||||
| Henz 2004 | 1994–1995 Family and Working Lives Survey | Cross-sectional survey; secondary data analysis | 1,259 | Nationally representative 2-stage sample of adults aged 16–69 living in private households in the UK; analysis limited to individuals who cared for someone for at least 3 months who was sick, disabled, or elderly | ✓ | ||||
| 5. Canadian and European Studies (n = 2) | |||||||||
| Keating et al. 1999 | 1996 General Social Survey | Cross-sectional survey | 1,366 | Nationally representative sample of 12,000 individuals aged 15 and over living in private households in Canada; labor supply subanalysis limited to adults aged 18–64 providing unpaid care to seniors with a long-term health condition lasting at least 6 months | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Spiess and Schneider 2003 | 1994 and 1996 waves of the European Community Household Panel | Longitudinal survey; secondary data analysis | 6,390 | Sample of 127,000 adults aged 16 and over living in private residences in 12 European countries; bivariate analysis limited to women aged 45–59; regression analysis further limited to labor force participants; caregivers provided regular assistance to adults who needed special help as a result of old age, illness, or disability | ✓ | ✓ | |||
a
OA = caregiving to older adults who may not be over 65 years of age; 60+ or 55+ denotes caregiving to adults aged 60+ or 55+.
b
Longitudinal surveys are considered to be cross-sectional in the study design column if only one wave of data was considered or if multiple years of data were pooled.