Table 2.

Labor Force Participation Rates for Working-Aged Caregivers versus Noncaregivers

		Women					Men
Author	Country	Caregivers		Noncaregivers			Caregivers		Noncaregivers
		N	% LFP	N	% LFP		N	% LFP	N	% LFP
Doty, Jackson, and Crown 1998	USA	333	52.4	333	57.4a	ns	81	56.8	81	76.4a	**
Ettner 1996	USA	261	64.0	3,427	65.0	ns	134	77.0	2,629	87.0	***
Pavalko and Artis 1997	USA	185b	29.3	1,357	43.0	***	—	—	—	—
Pavalko and Artis 1997	USA	278c	37.2	1,264	43.0	ns	—	—	—	—
Stone and Short 1990	USA	752	45.7	752	52.6a	**	251	58.7	251	76.7a	***
Arber and Ginn 1995	UK	1,204	63.0	5,037	67.8	**	749	82.0	4,889	84.7	ns
Carmichael and Charles 1998	UK	977	51.3	6,292	45.0	***	—	—	—	—
Carmichael and Charles 2003b	UK	1,002	63.7	4,461	68.0	**	612	81.2	4,023	85.6	**
Carmichael et al. 2005	UK	1,428	63.9	2,727	71.7	***	1,025	72.3	2,656	86.0	***
Henz 2004	UK	841	64.2	841	53.6a	***	332	69.6	332	67.0a	ns
Keating et al. 1999	Canada	833	62.1	833	58.6a	ns	533	77.9	533	72.7a	*
Spiess and Schneider 2003	Europe	1,150	6.0	5,240	50.0	***	—	—	—	—
Weighted total		9,244	51.7	32,563	57.5	***	3,717	75.2	15,394	84.6	***
Weighted subtotal USA		1,809	46.6	7,133	55.3	***	466	63.7	2,961	85.8	***
Weighted subtotal UK		5,452	61.4	19,358	60.4	ns	2,718	76.6	11,900	84.8	***

^aSex-specific rates for noncaregivers imputed from national census/labor market data, matched for the year and caregiver's sample size.

^bSubsample of coresident caregivers.

^cSubsample of extraresident caregivers.

^*p < 0.05.

^**p < 0.01.

^***p < 0.001.

ns = not significant.