Table 2.

Community–trait gradients between community variables and plant traits under selection. (Community–trait gradients (α) were calculated as the partial regression coefficients between a community variable and genetic variation in plant traits. Community–trait gradients in bold indicate p≤0.05 and italicized values indicate 0.05≤p≤0.10. The covariance between relative fitness and normally standardized community variables (cov_ωc) is also shown (significant values in bold). Statistically significant negative quadratic effects are denoted by † (parameter estimates not shown); we focus on linear effects because they are primarily responsible for causing changes to the mean of community variables.)

	community–trait gradient (α)
community variable	biomass	life-history strategy	resistance	covωc
Philaenus	0.09±0.02	4.61±1.09	877.75±561.11	0.75
Cedusa	0.08±0.01	3.03±0.75	−202.10±383.29	0.68
Mompha	−0.09±0.26†	39.65±18.36	8930.34±9424.25	0.78
Schinia	0.01±0.02†	−0.88±1.66	−1129.67±852.59	0.23
Sparganothis	0.002±0.01†	1.36±0.58	517.23±296.21	0.83
total abundance	0.18±0.29†	51.30±21.05	9715.06±10804	0.89
total richness	0.05±0.02†	6.64±1.38	548.09±710.07	0.84